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作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9322
  The American Republic
  CONSTITUTION; TENDENCIES; AND DESTINY
  by O。 A。 Brownson
  TO THE
  HON。 GEORGE BANCROFT;
  THE ERUDITE; PHILOSOPHICAL; AND ELOQUENT
  Historian of the United States;
  THIS FEEBLE ATTEMPT TO SET FORTH THE PRINCIPLES OF GOVERN…
  MENT; AND TO EXPLAIN AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF
  THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC; IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED;
  IN MEMORY OF OLD FRIENDSHIP; AND AS A
  SLIGHT HOMAGE TO GENIUS; ABILITY;
  PATRIOTISM; PRIVATE WORTH;
  AND PUBLIC SERVICE;
  BY THE AUTHOR。
  CONTENTS。
  PAGE
  CHAPTER I。
  INTRODUCTION                                                    1
  CHAPTER II。
  GOVERNMENT                                                     15
  CHAPTER III。
  ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT                                           26
  CHAPTER IV。
  ORIGIN OF GOVERMENT…Continued                                  43
  CHAPTER V。
  ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT…Continued                                 71
  CHAPTER VI。
  ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT…Concluded                                106
  CHAPTER VII。
  CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT                                    136
  vi CHAPTER VIII。
  CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT…Concluded                          166
  CHAPTER IX。
  THE UNITED STATES                                             192
  CHAPTER X。
  CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES                             218
  CHAPTER XI。
  THE CONSTITUTION…Continued                                    244
  CHAPTER XII。
  SECESSION                                                     277
  CHAPTER XIII。
  RECONSTRUCTION                                                309
  CHAPTER XIV。
  POLITICAL TENDENCIES                                          348
  CHAPTER XV。
  DESTINY…POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS                               392
  PREFACE。
  In the volume which; with much diffidence; is here offered to the  public; I have given; as far as I have considered it worth giving;  my whole thought in a connected form on the nature; necessity;  extent; authority; origin; ground; and constitution of government;  and the unity; nationality; constitution; tendencies; and destiny  of the American Republic。  Many of the points treated have been  from time to time discussed or touched upon; and many of the views  have been presented; in my previous writings; but this work is  newly and independently written from beginning to end; and is as  complete on the topics treated as I have been able to make it。
  I have taken nothing bodily from my previous essays; but I have  used their thoughts as far as I have judged them sound and they  came within the scope of my present work。  I have not felt myself  bound to adhere to my own past thoughts or expressions any farther  than they coincide with my present convictions; and I have written  as freely and as independently as if I had never  viii                                                  written or  published any thing before。  I have never been the slave of my  own past; and truth has always been dearer to me than my own  opinions。  This work is not only my latest; but will be my last  on politics or government; and must be taken as the authentic;  and the only authentic statement of my political views and  convictions; and whatever in any of my previous writings conflicts  with the principles defended in its pages; must be regarded as  retracted; and rejected。
  The work now produced is based on scientific principles; but it is  an essay rather than a scientific treatise; and even good…natured  critics will; no doubt; pronounce it an article or a series of  articles designed for a review; rather than a book。  It is hard to  overcome the habits of a lifetime。  I have taken some pains to  exchange the reviewer for the author; but am fully conscious that  I have not succeeded。  My work can lay claim to very little  artistic merit。  It is full of repetitions; the same thought is  frequently recurring;the result; to some extent; no doubt; of  carelessness and the want of artistic skill; but to a greater  extent; I fear; of 〃malice aforethought。〃  In composing my work I  have followed; rather than directed; the course of my thought;  and; having very little confidence in the memory or industry of  readers; I have preferred; when the completeness  ix                                                  of the argument  required it; to repeat myself to encumbering my pages with  perpetual references to what has gone before。
  That I attach some value to this work is evident from my consenting  to its publication; but how much or how little of it is really  mine; I am quite unable to say。  I have; from my youth up; been  reading; observing; thinking; reflecting; talking; I had almost  said writing; at least by fits and starts; on political subjects;  especially in their connection with philosophy; theology; history;  and social progress; and have assimilated to my own mind what it  would assimilate; without keeping any notes of the sources whence  the materials assimilated were derived。  I have written freely  from my own mind as I find it now formed; but how it has been so  formed; or whence I have borrowed; my readers know as well as I。   All that is valuable in the thoughts set forth; it is safe to assume  has been appropriated from others。  Where I have been distinctly  conscious of borrowing what has not become common property; I have  given credit; or; at least; mentioned the author's name; with three  important exceptions which I wish to note more formally。
  I am principally indebted for the view of the American nationality  and the Federal Constitution I present; to hints and suggestions  furnished x           by the remarkable work of John C。 Hurd; Esq。; on The Law of  Freedom and Bondage in the United States; a work of rare learning  and profound philosophic views。  I could not have written my work  without the aid derived from its suggestions; any more than I  could without Plato; Aristotle; St。 Augustine; St。 Thomas;  Suarez; Pierre Leroux; and the Abbate Gioberti。  To these two  last…named authors; one a humanitarian sophist; the other a  Catholic priest; and certainly one of the profoundest  philosophical writers of this century; I am much indebted; though  I have followed the political system of neither。  I have taken  from Leroux the germs of the doctrine I set forth on the solidarity  of the race; and from Gioberti the doctrine I defend in relation  to the creative act; which is; after all; simply that of the  Credo and the first verse of Genesis。
  In treating the several questions which the preparation of this  volume has brought up; in their connection; and in the light of  first principles; I have changed or modified; on more than one  important point; the views I had expressed in my previous  writings; especially on the distinction between civilized and  barbaric nations; the real basis of civilization itself; and the  value to the world of the Graeco…Roman civilization。  I have  ranked feudalism under the head of barbarism; xi                                               rejected every  species of political aristocracy; and represented the English  constitution as essentially antagonistic to the American; not as  its type。  I have accepted universal suffrage in principle; and  defended American democracy; which I define to be territorial  democracy; and carefully distinguish from pure individualism on  the one hand; and from pure socialism or humanitarianism on the  other。
  I reject the doctrine of State sovereignty; which I held and  defended from 1828 to 1861; but still maintain that the  sovereignty of the American Republic vests in the States; though  in the States collectively; or united; not severally; and thus  escape alike consolidation and disintegration。  I find; with Mr。  Madison; our most philosophic statesman; the originality of the  American system in the division of powers between a General  government having sole charge of the foreign and general; and  particular or State governments having; within their respective  territories; sole charge of the particular relations and  interests of the American people; but I do not accept his  concession that this division is of conventional origin; and  maintain that it enters into the original Providential  constitution of the American state; as I have done in my Review  for October; 1863; and January and October; 1864。 xii I maintain; after Mr。  Senator Sumner; one of the most  philosophic and accomplished living American statesmen; that  〃State secession is State suicide;〃 but modify the opinion I too  hastily expressed that the political death of a State dissolves  civil society within its territory and abrogates all rights held  under it; and accept the doctrine that the laws in force at the  time of secession remain in force till superseded or abrogated by  competent authority; and also that; till the State is revived and  restored as a State in the Union; the only authority; under the  American system; competent to supersede or abrogate them is the  United States; not Congress; far less the Executive。  The error  of the Government is not in recognizing the territorial laws as  s