diminutive　Hindoos　it　falls　to　as　little　as　27　ounces。〃
  ＇footnote＇　*Estimating　the　facial　angle　in　the　way
  suggested；　on　the　cast　I　should　place　it　at　64　degrees　to
  67　degrees。G。　B。
  After　comparing　the　Neanderthal　cranium　with　many　others；　ancient　and
  modern；　Professor　Schaaffhausen　concludes　thus：
  〃But　the　human　bones　and　cranium　from　the　Neanderthal　exceed　all　the
  rest　in　those　peculiarities　of　conformation　which　lead　to　the
  conclusion　of　their　belonging　to　a　barbarous　and　savage　race。　　Whether
  the　cavern　in　which　they　were　found；　unaccompanied　with　any　trace　of
  human　art；　were　the　place　of　their　interment；　or　whether；　like　the　bones
  of　extinct　animals　elsewhere；　they　had　been　washed　into　it；　they　may
  still　be　regarded　as　the　most　ancient　memorial　of　the　early　inhabitants
  of　Europe。〃
  Mr。　Busk；　the　translator　of　Dr。　Schaaffhausen's　paper；　has　enabled　us　to
  form　a　very　vivid　conception　of　the　degraded　character　of　the
  Neanderthal　skull；　by　placing　side　by　side　with　its　outline；　that　of
  the　skull　of　a　Chimpanzee；　drawn　to　the　same　absolute　size。
  Some　time　after　the　publication　of　the　translation　of　Professor
  Schaaffhausen's　Memoir；　I　was　led　to　study　the　cast　of　the　Neanderthal
  cranium　with　more　attention　than　I　had　previously　bestowed　upon　it；　in
  consequence　of　wishing　to　supply　Sir　Charles　Lyell　with　a　diagram；
  exhibiting　the　special　peculiarities　of　this　skull；　as　compared　with
  other　human　skulls。　　In　order　to　do　this　it　was　necessary　to　identify；
  with　precision；　those　points　in　the　skulls　compared　which　corresponded
  anatomically。　　Of　these　points；　the　glabella　was　obvious　enough；　but
  when　I　had　distinguished　another；　defined　by　the　occipital　protuberance
  and　superior　semicircular　line；　and　had　placed　the　outline　of　the
  Neanderthal　skull　against　that　of　the　Engis　skull；　in　such　a　position
  that　the　glabella　and　occipital　protuberance　of　both　were　intersected　by
  the　same　straight　line；　the　difference　was　so　vast　and　the　flattening
  of　the　Neanderthal　skull　so　prodigious　（compare　Figs。　22　and　24；　A。）；
  that　I　at　first　imagined　I　must　have　fallen　into　some　error。　　And　I　was
  the　more　inclined　to　suspect　this；　as；　in　ordinary　human　skulls；　the
  occipital　protuberance　and　superior　semicircular　curved　line　on　the
  exterior　of　the　occiput　correspond　pretty　closely　with　the　'lateral
  sinuses'　and　the　line　of　attachment　of　the　tentorium　internally。　But　on
  the　tentorium　rests；　as　I　have　said　in　the　preceding　Essay；　the
  posterior　lobe　of　the　brain；　and　hence；　the　occipital　protuberance；　and
  the　curved　line　in　question；　indicate；　approximately；　the　lower　limits
  of　that　lobe。　　Was　it　possible　for　a　human　being　to　have　the　brain　thus
  flattened　and　depressed；　or；　on　the　other　hand；　had　the　muscular　ridges
  shifted　their　position？　　In　order　to　solve　these　doubts；　and　to　decide
  the　question　whether　the　great　supraciliary　projections　did；　or　did
  not；　arise　from　the　development　of　the　frontal　sinuses；　I　requested　Sir
  Charles　Lyell　to　be　so　good　as　to　obtain　for　me　from　Dr。　Fuhlrott；　the
  possessor　of　the　skull；　answers　to　certain　queries；　and　if　possible　a
  cast；　or　at　any　rate　drawings；　or　photographs；　of　the　interior　of　the
  skull。
  FIG。　24。The　skull　from　the　Neanderthal　cavern。　　A。　side；　B。　front；　and
  C。　top　view。　One…third　the　natural　size；　by　Mr。　Busk：　the　details　from
  the　cast　and　from　Dr。　Fuhlrott's　photographs。　　'a'　glabella；　'b'
  occipital　protuberance；　'd'　lambdoidal　suture。
  Dr。　Fuhlrott　replied　with　a　courtesy　and　readiness　for　which　I　am
  infinitely　indebted　to　him；　to　my　inquiries；　and　furthermore　sent　three
  excellent　photographs。　　One　of　these　gives　a　side　view　of　the　skull；
  and　from　it　Fig。　24；　A。　has　been　shaded。　　The　second　（Fig。　25；　A。）
  exhibits　the　wide　openings　of　the　frontal　sinuses　upon　the　inferior
  surface　of　the　frontal　part　of　the　skull；　into　which；　Dr。　Fuhlrott
  writes；　〃a　probe　may　be　introduced　to　the　depth　of　an　inch；〃　and
  demonstrates　the　great　extension　of　the　thickened　supraciliary　ridges
  beyond　the　cerebral　cavity。　　The　third；　lastly　（Fig。　25；　B。）　exhibits
  the　edge　and　the　interior　of　the　posterior；　or　occipital；　part　of　the
  skull；　and　shows　very　clearly　the　two　depressions　for　the　lateral
  sinuses；　sweeping　inwards　towards　the　middle　line　of　the　roof　of　the
  skull；　to　form　the　longitudinal　sinus。　　It　was　clear；　therefore；　that　I
  had　not　erred　in　my　interpretation；　and　that　the　posterior　lobe　of　the
  brain　of　the　Neanderthal　man　must　have　been　as　much　flattened　as　I
  suspected　it　to　be。
  In　truth；　the　Neanderthal　cranium　has　most　extraordinary　characters。　　It
  has　an　extreme　length　of　8　inches；　while　its　breadth　is　only　5。75
  inches；　or；　in　other　words；　its　length　is　to　its　breadth　as　100：72。　　It
  is　exceedingly　depressed；　measuring　only　about　3。4　inches　from　the
  glabello…occipital　line　to　the　vertex。　　The　longitudinal　arc；　measured
  in　the　same　way　as　in　the　Engis　skull；　is　12　inches；　the　transverse　arc
  cannot　be　exactly　ascertained；　in　consequence　of　the　absence　of　the
  temporal　bones；　but　was　probably　about　the　same；　and　certainly　exceeded
  10　1/4　inches。　　The　horizontal　circumference　is　23　inches。　　But　this
  great　circumference　arises　largely　from　the　vast　development　of　the
  supraciliary　ridges；　though　the　perimeter　of　the　brain　case　itself　is
  not　small。　　The　large　supraciliary　ridges　give　the　forehead　a　far　more
  retreating　appearance　than　its　internal　contour　would　bear　out。
  To　an　anatomical　eye　the　posterior　part　of　the　skull　is　even　more
  striking　than　the　anterior。　The　occipital　protuberance　occupies　the
  extreme　posterior　end　of　the　skull；　when　the　glabello…occipital　line　is
  made　horizontal；　and　so　far　from　any　part　of　the　occipital　region
  extending　beyond　it；　this　region　of　the　skull　slopes　obliquely　upward
  and　forward；　so　that　the　lambdoidal　suture　is　situated　well　upon　the
  upper　surface　of　the　cranium。　　At　the　same　time；　notwithstanding　the
  great　length　of　the　skull；　the　sagittal　suture　is　remarkably　short　（4
  1/2　inches）；　and　the　squamosal　suture　is　very　straight。
  FIG。25。Drawings　from　Dr。　Fuhlrott's　photographs　of　parts　of　the
  interior　of　the　Neanderthal　cranium。　　A。　view　of　the　under　and　inner
  surface　of　the　frontal　region；　showing　the　inferior　apertures　of　the
  frontal　sinuses　（'a'）。　　B。　corresponding　view　of　the　occipital　region　of
  the　skull；　showing　the　impressions　of　the　lateral　sinuses　（'a　a'）。
  In　reply　to　my　questions　Dr。　Fuhlrott　writes　that　the　occipital　bone　〃is
  in　a　state　of　perfect　preservation　as　far　as　the　upper　semicircular
  line；　which　is　a　very　strong　ridge；　linear　at　its　extremities；　but
  enlarging　towards　the　middle；　where　it　forms　two　ridges　（bourrelets）；
  united　by　a　linear　continuation；　which　is　slightly　depressed　in　the
  middle。〃
  〃Below　the　left　ridge　the　bone　exhibits　an　obliquely　inclined　surface；
  six　lines　（French）　long；　and　twelve　lines　wide。〃
  This　last　must　be　the　surface；　the　contour　of　which　is　shown　in　Fig。　24；
  A。；　below　'b'。　　It　is　particularly　interesting；　as　it　suggests　that；
  notwithstanding　the　flattened　condition　of　the　occiput；　the　posterior
  cerebral　lobes　must　have　projected　considerably　beyond　the　cerebellum；
  and　as　it　constitutes　one　among　several　points　of　similarity　between　the
  Neanderthal　cranium　and　certain　Australian　skulls。
  Such　are　the　two　best　known　forms　of　human　cranium；　which　have　been
  found　in　what　may　be　fairly　termed　a　fossil　state。　　Can　either　be　shown
  to　fill　up　or　diminish；　to　any　appreciable　extent；　the　structural
  interval　which　exists　between　Man　and　the　man…like　apes？　　Or；　on　the
  other　hand；　does　neither　depart　more　widely　from　the　average　structure
  of　the　human　cranium；　than　normally　formed　skulls　of　men　are　known　to
  do　at　the　present　day？
  It　is　impossible　to　form　any　opinion　on　these　questions；　without　some
  preliminary　acquaintance　with　the　range　of　variation　exhibited　by　human
  structure　in　generala　subject　which　has　been　but　imperfectly　studied；
  while　even　of　what　is　known；　my　limits　will　necessarily　allow　me　to
  give　only　a　very　imperfect　sketch。
  The　student　of　anatomy　is　perfectly　well　aware　that　there　is　not　a
  single　organ　of　the　human　body　the　structure　of　which　does　not　vary；　to
  a　greater　or　less　extent；　in　different　individuals。　The　skeleton　varies
  in　the　proportions；　and　even　to　a　certain　extent　in　the　connexions；　of
  its　constituent　bones。　　The　muscles　which　move　the　bones　vary　largely
  in　their　attachments。　　The　varieties　in　the　mode　of　distribution　of　the
  arteries　are　carefully　classified；　on　account　of　the　practical
  importance　of　a　knowledge　of　their　shiftings　to　the　surgeon。　　The
  characters　of　the　brain　vary　immensely；　nothing　being　less　constant
  than　the　form　and　size　of　the　cerebral　hemispheres；　and　the　richness　of
  the　convolutions　upon　their　surface；　while　the　most　changeable
  structures　of　all　in　the　human　brain；　are　exactly　those　on　which　the
  unwise　attempt　has　been　made　to　base　the　distinctive　characters　of
  humanity；　viz。　the　posterior　cornu　of　the　lateral　ventricle；　the
  hippocampus　minor；　and　the　degree　of　projection　of　the　posterior　lobe
  beyond　the　cerebellum。　　Finally；　as　all　the　world　knows；　the　hair　and
  skin　of　human　beings　may　present　the　most　extraordinary　diversities　in
  colour　and