On　Some　Fossil　Remains　of　Man
  by　Thomas　H。　Huxley
  I　HAVE　endeavoured　to　show；　in　the　preceding　Essay；　that　the　ANTHROPINI；
  or　Man　Family；　form　a　very　well　defined　group　of　the　Primates；　between
  which　and　the　immediately　following　Family；　the　CATARHINI；　there　is；　in
  the　existing　world；　the　same　entire　absence　of　any　transitional　form　or
  connecting　link；　as　between　the　CATARHINI　and　PLATYRHINI。
  It　is　a　commonly　received　doctrine；　however；　that　the　structural
  intervals　between　the　various　existing　modifications　of　organic　beings
  may　be　diminished；　or　even　obliterated；　if　we　take　into　account　the
  long　and　varied　succession　of　animals　and　plants　which　have　preceded
  those　now　living　and　which　are　known　to　us　only　by　their　fossilized
  remains。　　How　far　this　doctrine　is　well　based；　how　far；　on　the　other
  hand；　as　our　knowledge　at　present　stands；　it　is　an　overstatement　of　the
  real　facts　of　the　case；　and　an　exaggeration　of　the　conclusions　fairly
  deducible　from　them；　are　points　of　grave　importance；　but　into　the
  discussion　of　which　I　do　not；　at　present；　propose　to　enter。　　It　is
  enough　that　such　a　view　of　the　relations　of　extinct　to　living　beings
  has　been　propounded；　to　lead　us　to　inquire；　with　anxiety；　how　far　the
  recent　discoveries　of　human　remains　in　a　fossil　state　bear　out；　or
  oppose；　that　view。
  I　shall　confine　myself；　in　discussing　this　question；　to　those
  fragmentary　Human　skulls　from　the　caves　of　Engis　in　the　valley　of　the
  Meuse；　in　Belgium；　and　of　the　Neanderthal　near　Dusseldorf；　the
  geological　relations　of　which　have　been　examined　with　so　much　care　by
  Sir　Charles　Lyell；　upon　whose　high　authority　I　shall　take　it　for
  granted；　that　the　Engis　skull　belonged　to　a　contemporary　of　the　Mammoth
  （'Elephas　primigenius'）　and　of　the　woolly　Rhinoceros　（'Rhinoceros
  tichorhinus'）；　with　the　bones　of　which　it　was　found　associated；　and　that
  the　Neanderthal　skull　is　of　great；　though　uncertain；　antiquity。
  Whatever　be　the　geological　age　of　the　latter　skull；　I　conceive　it　is
  quite　safe　（on　the　ordinary　principles　of　paleontological　reasoning）　to
  assume　that　the　former　takes　us　to；　at　least；　the　further　side　of　the
  vague　biological　limit；　which　separates　the　present　geological　epoch
  from　that　which　immediately　preceded　it。　　And　there　can　be　no　doubt
  that　the　physical　geography　of　Europe　has　changed　wonderfully；　since
  the　bones　of　Men　and　Mammoths；　Hyaenas　and　Rhinoceroses　were　washed
  pell…mell　into　the　cave　of　Engis。
  The　skull　from　the　cave　of　Engis　was　originally　discovered　by　Professor
  Schmerling；　and　was　described　by　him；　together　with　other　human　remains
  disinterred　at　the　same　time；　in　his　valuable　work；　'Recherches　sur　les
  ossemens　fossiles　decouverts　dans　les　cavernes　de　la　Province　de
  Liege'；　published　in　1833　（p。　59；　'et　seq。'）；　from　which　the　following
  paragraphs　are　extracted；　the　precise　expressions　of　the　author　being；
  as　far　as　possible；　preserved。
  〃In　the　first　place；　I　must　remark　that　these　human　remains；　which　are
  in　my　possession；　are　characterized　like　thousands　of　bones　which　I
  have　lately　been　disinterring；　by　the　extent　of　the　decomposition　which
  they　have　undergone；　which　is　precisely　the　same　as　that　of　the　extinct
  species：　all；　with　a　few　exceptions；　are　broken；　some　few　are　rounded；
  as　is　frequently　found　to　be　the　case　in　fossil　remains　of　other
  species。　　The　fractures　are　vertical　or　oblique；　none　of　them　are
  eroded；　their　colour　does　not　differ　from　that　of　other　fossil　bones；
  and　varies　from　whitish　yellow　to　blackish。　　All　are　lighter　than
  recent　bones；　with　the　exception　of　those　which　have　a　calcareous
  incrustation；　and　the　cavities　of　which　are　filled　with　such　matter。
  〃The　cranium　which　I　have　caused　to　be　figured；　Plate　I。；　Figs。　1；　2；　is
  that　of　an　old　person。　The　sutures　are　beginning　to　be　effaced：　all　the
  facial　bones　are　wanting；　and　of　the　temporal　bones　only　a　fragment　of
  that　of　the　right　side　is　preserved。
  〃The　face　and　the　base　of　the　cranium　had　been　detached　before　the　skull
  was　deposited　in　the　cave；　for　we　were　unable　to　find　those　parts；
  though　the　whole　cavern　was　regularly　searched。　The　cranium　was　met
  with　at　a　depth　of　a　metre　and　a　half　＇five　feet　nearly＇；　hidden　under
  an　osseous　breccia；　composed　of　the　remains　of　small　animals；　and
  containing　one　rhinoceros　tusk；　with　several　teeth　of　horses　and　of
  ruminants。　　This　breccia；　which　has　been　spoken　of　above　（p。　30）；　was　a
  metre　＇3　1/4　feet　about＇　wide；　and　rose　to　the　height　of　a　metre　and　a
  half　above　the　floor　of　the　cavern；　to　the　walls　of　which　it　adhered
  strongly。
  〃The　earth　which　contained　this　human　skull　exhibited　no　trace　of
  disturbance：　teeth　of　rhinoceros；　horse；　hyaena；　and　bear；　surrounded
  it　on　all　sides。
  FIG。　22。The　skull　from　the　cave　of　Engisviewed　from　the　right　side。
  'a'　glabella；　'b'　occipital　protuberance；　（'a'　to　'b'
  glabello…occipital　line）；　'c'　auditory　foramen。
  〃The　famous　Blumenbach*　has　directed　attention　to　the　differences
  presented　by　the　form　and　the　dimensions　of　human　crania　of　different
  races。　　This　important　work　would　have　assisted　us　greatly；　if　the
  face；　a　part　essential　for　the　determination　of　race；　with　more　or　less
  accuracy；　had　not　been　wanting　in　our　fossil　cranium。
  ＇footnote＇　*Decas　Collectionis　suae　craniorum　diversarum
  gentium　illustrata。　　Gottingae；　1790…1820。
  〃We　are　convinced　that　even　if　the　skull　had　been　complete；　it　would　not
  have　been　possible　to　pronounce；　with　certainty；　upon　a　single
  specimen；　for　individual　variations　are　so　numerous　in　the　crania　of
  one　and　the　same　race；　that　one　cannot；　without　laying　oneself　open　to
  large　chances　of　error；　draw　any　inference　from　a　single　fragment　of　a
  cranium　to　the　general　form　of　the　head　to　which　it　belonged。
  〃Nevertheless；　in　order　to　neglect　no　point　respecting　the　form　of　this
  fossil　skull；　we　may　observe　that；　from　the　first；　the　elongated　and
  narrow　form　of　the　forehead　attracted　our　attention。
  〃In　fact；　the　slight　elevation　of　the　frontal；　its　narrowness；　and　the
  form　of　the　orbit；　approximate　it　more　nearly　to　the　cranium　of　an
  Ethiopian　than　to　that　of　an　European：　　the　elongated　form　and　the
  produced　occiput　are　also　characters　which　we　believe　to　be　observable
  in　our　fossil　cranium；　but　to　remove　all　doubt　upon　that　subject　I　have
  caused　the　contours　of　the　cranium　of　an　European　and　of　an　Ethiopian
  to　be　drawn　and　the　foreheads　represented。　　Plate　II。；　Figs。　1　and　2；
  and；　in　the　same　plate；　Figs。　3　and　4；　will　render　the　differences
  easily　distinguishable；　and　a　single　glance　at　the　figures　will　be　more
  instructive　than　a　long　and　wearisome　description。
  〃At　whatever　conclusion　we　may　arrive　as　to　the　origin　of　the　man　from
  whence　this　fossil　skull　proceeded；　we　may　express　an　opinion　without
  exposing　ourselves　to　a　fruitless　controversy。　　Each　may　adopt　the
  hypothesis　which　seems　to　him　most　probable：　for　my　own　part；　I　hold　it
  to　be　demonstrated　that　this　cranium　has　belonged　to　a　person　of
  limited　intellectual　faculties；　and　we　conclude　thence　that　it　belonged
  to　a　man　of　a　low　degree　of　civilization：　a　deduction　which　is　borne
  out　by　contrasting　the　capacity　of　the　frontal　with　that　of　the
  occipital　region。
  〃Another　cranium　of　a　young　individual　was　discovered　in　the　floor　of
  the　cavern　beside　the　tooth　of　an　elephant；　the　skull　was　entire　when
  found；　but　the　moment　it　was　lifted　it　fell　into　pieces；　which　I　have
  not；　as　yet；　been　able　to　put　together　again。　　But　I　have　represented
  the　bones　of　the　upper　jaw；　Plate　I。；　Fig。　5。　　The　state　of　the　alveoli
  and　the　teeth；　shows　that　the　molars　had　not　yet　pierced　the　gum。
  Detached　milk　molars　and　some　fragments　of　a　human　skull　proceed　from
  this　same　place。　　The　Figure　3　represents　a　human　superior　incisor
  tooth；　the　size　of　which　is　truly　remarkable。*
  ＇footnote＇　*In　a　subsequent　passage；　Schmerling　remarks　upon
  the　occurrence　of　an　incisor　tooth　'of　enormous　size'　from
  the　caverns　of　Engihoul。　　The　tooth　figured　is　somewhat
  long；　but　its　dimensions　do　not　appear　to　me　to　be
  otherwise　remarkable。
  〃Figure　4　is　a　fragment　of　a　superior　maxillary　bone；　the　molar　teeth　of
  which　are　worn　down　to　the　roots。
  〃I　possess　two　vertebrae；　a　first　and　last　dorsal。
  〃A　clavicle　of　the　left　side　（see　Plate　III。；　Fig。　1）；　although　it
  belonged　to　a　young　individual；　this　bone　shows　that　he　must　have　been
  of　great　stature。*
  ＇footnote＇　*The　figure　of　this　clavicle　measures　5　inches
  from　end　to　end　in　a　straight　lineso　that　the　bone　is
  rather　a　small　than　a　large　one。
  〃Two　fragments　of　the　radius；　badly　preserved；　do　not　indicate　that　the
  height　of　the　man；　to　whom　they　belonged；　exceeded　five　feet　and　a
  half。
  〃As　to　the　remains　of　the　upper　extremities；　those　which　are　in　my
  possession　consist　merely　of　a　fragment　of　an　ulna　and　of　a　radius
  （Plate　III。；　Figs。　5　and　6）。
  〃Figure　2；　Plate　IV。；　represents　a　metacarpal　bone；　contained　in　the
  breccia；　of　which　we　have　spoken；　it　was　found　in　the　lower　part　above
  the　cranium：　add　to　this　some　metacarpal　bones；　found　at　very　different
  distances；　half…a…dozen　metatarsals；　three　phalanges　of　the　hand；　and
  one　of　the　foot。
  〃This　is　a　bri