第 56 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-04-30 16:07      字数:9322
  liable to the visit or examination of the tax…gatherer; but in
  this case the family must compound at seven shillings and
  sixpence a head for the tax。 Seven shillings and sixpence are
  equal to the excise upon ten bushels of malt… a quantity fully
  equal to what all the different members of any sober family; men;
  women; and children; are at an average likely to consume。 But in
  rich and great families; where country hospitality is much
  practised; the malt liquors consumed by the members of the family
  make but a small part of the consumption of the house。 Either on
  account of this composition; however; or for other reasons; it is
  not near so common to malt as to brew for private use。 It is
  difficult to imagine any equitable reason why those who either
  brew or distil for private use should not be subject to a
  composition of the same kind。
  A greater revenue than what is at present drawn from all the
  heavy taxes upon malt; beer; and ale might be raised; it has
  frequently been said; by a much lighter tax upon malt; the
  opportunities of defrauding the revenue being much greater in a
  brewery than in a malt…house; and those who brew for private use
  being exempted from all duties or composition for duties; which
  is not the case with those who malt for private use。
  In the porter brewery of London a quarter of malt is
  commonly brewed into more than two barrels and a half; sometimes
  into three barrels of porter。 The different taxes upon malt
  amount to six shillings a quarter; those upon strong beer and ale
  to eight shillings a barrel。 In the porter brewery; therefore;
  the different taxes upon malt; beer; and ale amount to between
  twenty…six and thirty shillings upon the produce of a quarter of
  malt。 In the country brewery for common country sale a quarter of
  malt is seldom brewed into less than two barrels of strong and
  one barrel of small beer; frequently into two barrels and a half
  of strong beer。 The different taxes upon small beer amount to one
  shilling and fourpence a barrel。 In the country brewery;
  therefore; the different taxes upon malt; beer; and ale seldom
  amount to less than twenty…three shillings and fourpence;
  frequently to twenty…six shillings; upon the produce of a quarter
  of malt。 Taking the whole kingdom at an average; therefore; the
  whole amount of the duties upon malt; beer; and ale cannot be
  estimated at less than twenty…four or twenty…five shillings upon
  the produce of a quarter of malt。 But by taking off all the
  different duties upon beer and ale; and by tripling the malt…tax;
  or by raising it from six to eighteen shillings upon the quarter
  of malt; a greater revenue; it is said; might be raised by this
  single tax than what is at present drawn from all those heavier
  taxes。
  Under the old malt tax; indeed; is comprehended a tax of
  four shillings upon the hogshead of cyder; and another of ten
  shillings upon the barrel of mum。 In 1774; the tax upon cyder
  produced only L3083 6s。 8d。 It probably fell somewhat short of
  its usual amount; all the different taxes upon cyder having; that
  year; produced less than ordinary。 The tax upon mum; though much
  heavier; is still less productive; on account of the smaller
  consumption of that liquor。 But to balance whatever may be the
  ordinary amount of those two taxes; there is comprehended under
  what is called the country excise; first; the old excise of six
  shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of cyder; secondly; a
  like tax of six shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of
  verjuice; thirdly; another of eight shillings and ninepence upon
  the hogshead of vinegar; and; lastly; a fourth tax of elevenpence
  upon the gallon of mead or metheglin: the produce of those
  different taxes will probably much more than counterbalance that
  of the duties imposed by what is called the annual malt tax upon
  cyder and mum。
  L       s。
  d。   In 1772; the old malt…tax produced           722;023    11
  11
  The additional                      356;776     7
  9 3/4   In 1773; the old tax produced                561;627
  3     7 1/2
  The additional                      278;650    15
  3 3/4   In 1774; the old tax produced                624;614
  17     5 3/4
  The additional                      310;745     2
  8 1/2   In 1775; the old tax produced                657;357
  0     8 1/4
  The additional                      323;785    12
  6 1/4
  …
  4)3;835;580    12
  0 3/4
  …
  Average of these four years             958;895     3
  0 3/16
  …   In 1772; the country excise
  produced       1;243;128     5     3
  The London brewery                  408;260     7
  2 3/4   In 1773; the country excise                1;245;808
  3     3
  The London brewery                  405;406    17
  10 1/2   In 1774; the country excise                1;246;373
  14     5 1/2
  The London brewery                  320;601    18
  0 1/4   In 1775; the country excise                1;214;583
  6     1
  The London brewery                  463;670     7
  0 1/4
  …
  4)6;547;832    19
  2 1/4
  …
  Average of these four years         1;636;958       4
  9 1/2   To which adding the average malt…tax; or   958;895
  3    0 3/16   The whole amount of those different
  taxes comes out to be                  2;595;853       7   9
  11/19
  …   But by tripling the malt…tax; or by
  raising it from six to eighteen
  shillings upon the quarter of malt;
  that single tax would produce          2;876;685       9
  0 9/16   A sum which exceeds the foregoing by       280;832
  1   2 14/16
  Malt is consumed not only in the brewery of beer and ale;
  but in the manufacture of wines and spirits。 If the malt tax were
  to be raised to eighteen shillings upon the quarter; it might be
  necessary to make some abatement in the different excises which
  are imposed upon those particular sorts of low wines and spirits
  of which malt makes any part of the materials。 In what are called
  malt spirits it makes commonly but a third part of the materials;
  the other two…thirds being either raw barley; or one…third barley
  and one…third wheat。 In the distillery of malt spirits; both the
  opportunity and the temptation to smuggle are much greater than
  either in a brewery or in a malt…house; the opportunity on
  account of the smaller bulk and greater value of the commodity;
  and the temptation on account of the superior height of the
  duties; which amount to 3s。 10 2/3d。* upon the gallon of spirits。
  By increasing the duties upon malt; and reducing those upon the
  distillery; both the opportunities and the temptation to smuggle
  would be diminished; which might occasion a still further
  augmentation of revenue。    * Though the duties directly imposed
  upon proof spirits amount only to 2s。 6d。 per gallon; these added
  to the duties upon the low wines; from which they are distilled;
  amount to 3s。 10 2/3d。 Both low wines and proof spirits are; to
  prevent frauds; now rated according to what they gauge in the
  wash。
  It has for some time past been the policy of Great Britain
  to discourage the consumption of spirituous liquors; on account
  of their supposed tendency to ruin the health and to corrupt the
  morals of the common people。 According to this policy; the
  abatement of the taxes upon the distillery ought not to be so
  great as to reduce; in any respect; the price of those liquors。
  Spirituous liquors might remain as dear as ever; while at the
  same time the wholesome and invigorating liquors of beer and ale
  might be considerably reduced in their price。 The people might
  thus be in part relieved from one of the burdens of which they at
  present complain the most; while at the same time the revenue
  might be considerably augmented。
  The objections of Dr。 Davenant to this alteration in the
  present system of excise duties seem to be without foundation。
  Those objections are; that the tax; instead of dividing itself as
  at present pretty equally upon the profit of the maltster; upon
  that of the brewer; and upon that of the retailer; would; so far
  as it affected profit; fall altogether upon that of the maltster;
  that the maltster could not so easily get back the amount of the
  tax in the advanced price of his malt as the brewer and retailer
  in the advanced price of their liquor; and that so heavy a tax
  upon malt might reduce the rent and profit of barley land。
  No tax can ever reduce; for any