ashes　his　hands　and　mouth。　Women　and　eunuchs　serve　him　at　table。　The　wives　of　the　King　remain　each　in　her　own　chamber　and　are　waited　on　by　maid…servants。　It　is　said　that　he　has　judges；　as　well　as　bailiffs　and　watchmen　who　every　night　guard　the　palace；　and　all　these　are　women。
  The　King　never　puts　on　any　garment　more　than　once；　and　when　he　takes　it　off　he　at　once　delivers　it　to　certain　officers　who　have　charge　of　this　duty；　and　they　render　an　account；　and　these　garments　are　never　given　to　any　one。　This　is　considered　to　show　great　state。　His　clothes　are　silk　cloths　（PACHOIIS）＇618＇　of　very　fine　material　and　worked　with　gold；　which　are　worth　each　one　ten　PARDAOS；　and　they　wear　at　times　BAJURIS　of　the　same　sort；　which　are　like　shirts　with　a　skirt；　and　on　the　head　they　wear　caps　of　brocade　which　they　call　CULAES；＇619＇　and　one　of　these　is　worth　some　twenty　cruzados。　When　he　lifts　it　from　his　head　he　never　again　puts　it　on。
  The　punishments　that　they　inflict　in　this　kingdom　are　these：　for　a　thief；　whatever　theft　he　commits；　howsoever　little　it　be；　they　forthwith　cut　off　a　foot　and　a　hand；　and　if　his　theft　be　a　great　one　he　is　hanged　with　a　hook　under　his　chin。　If　a　man　outrages　a　respectable　woman　or　a　virgin　he　has　the　same　punishment；　and　if　he　does　any　other　such　violence　his　punishment　is　of　a　like　kind。　Nobles　who　become　traitors　are　sent　to　be　impaled　alive　on　a　wooden　stake　thrust　through　the　belly；　and　people　of　the　lower　orders；　for　whatever　crime　they　commit；　he　forthwith　commands　to　cut　off　their　heads　in　the　market…place；　and　the　same　for　a　murder　unless　the　death　was　the　result　of　a　duel。　For　great　honour　is　done　to　those　who　fight　in　a　duel；　and　they　give　the　estate　of　the　dead　man　to　the　survivor；　but　no　one　fights　a　duel　without　first　asking　leave　of　the　minister；　who　forthwith　grants　it。　These　are　the　common　kinds　of　punishments；　but　they　have　others　more　fanciful；　for　when　the　King　so　desires；　he　commands　a　man　to　be　thrown　to　the　elephants；　and　they　tear　him　in　pieces。　The　people　are　so　subject　to　him　that　if　you　told　a　man　on　the　part　of　the　King　that　he　must　stand　still　in　a　street　holding　a　stone　on　his　back　all　day　till　you　released　him；　he　would　do　it。
  The　officers　of　the　King　who　go　about　the　kingdom　are　these：　　First　the　minister　（REGEDOR）　of　the　kingdom；　who　is　the　second　person　in　it；　then　the　treasurer；　with　the　scribes　of　the　King's　own　lands；＇620＇　the　chief　treasurer；　and　the　commander　of　the　palace　guards　（O　PORTEIRO　MOOR）；　the　treasurer　of　the　jewels；　the　chief　master　of　the　horse。　The　King　has　no　controller　of　the　revenues　nor　other　officers；　nor　officers　of　his　house；　but　only　the　captains　of　his　kingdom；　of　whom　I　will　here　mention　some；　and　the　revenues　they　hold；　and　of　what　territory　they　are　lords；
  Firstly　Salvanayque；　the　present　minister；　he　has　a　revenue　of　a　million　and　a　hundred　thousand　gold　PARDAOS。　He　is　lord　of　Charamaodel　and　of　Nagapatao；　and　Tamgor；　and　Bomgarin；　and　Dapatao；　and　Truguel；　and　Caullim；　and　all　these　are　cities；　their　territories　are　all　very　large；　and　they　border　on　Ceylon。＇621＇　Of　this money　he　is　obliged　to　give　a　third　to　the　King；　and　two…thirds　remain　for　him　for　the　expenses　of　his　LASCARIS　and　horses；　which　he　is　obliged　to　maintain　for　the　King；　viz。：　thirty　thousand　foot　and　three　thousand　horse　and　thirty　elephants；　so　that　he　only　gets　the　balance　after　deducting　the　expenses　of　this　force。　But　in　this　way　he　acquires　much　wealth　because　he　never　maintains　the　whole　force。　And　the　King；　whenever　he　wishes；　takes　away　property　of　these　nobles。
  Another　captain；　Ajaparcatimapa；＇622＇　who　was　minister　of　Crisnarao；　has　a　revenue　of　eight　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS　of　gold；　and　is　lord　of　the　city　of　Hudogary；＇623＇　and　of　the　city　of　Condovim；＇624＇　and　of　the　city　of　Penagundim；＇625＇　and　of　Codegaral＇626＇　of　Cidaota。＇627＇　All　these　large　cities　border　on　the　kingdom　of　Oria；　and　some　of　them　with　Cape　Comorin　（CABO　DE　COMARY）。　These　lands　Crisnarao　gave　him　when　he　made　him　minister　and　put　out　the　eyes　of　Salvatinica；　his　minister；　who　was　captain　of　them。　He　is　obliged　to　serve　with　twenty…five　thousand＇628＇　foot；　fifteen　hundred　horse；　and　forty　elephants；　and　pays　each　year　to　the　King　three　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS。
  Another　captain；　who　is　called　Gapanayque；　is　lord　of　these　lands；　namely　of　Rosyl；＇629＇　and　of　Tipar；　and　of　Ticalo；　and　of　Bigolom。＇630＇　These　lands　march　with　the　territory　of　the　Ydallcao；　and　in　all　these　there　is　much　wheat　and　grains　and　cattle　and　goats　and　gingely　and　cotton；　and　very　fine　cloth　made　of　the　last；　for　all　the　cloth　that　is　manufactured　is　made　of　it。　He　has　a　revenue　from　these　territories　of　six　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS；　and　is　obliged　to　furnish　two　thousand　five　hundred　horse；　and　twenty　thousand　foot；　and　twenty　elephants；　and　he　pays　every　year　to　the　King　a　hundred　and　fifty　thousand　PARDAOS。
  Another　captain　called　Lepapayque；　who　is　lord　of　Vimgapor；＇631＇　a　land　very　rich　in　seed…plots　and　cattle…breeding　farms；　has　a　revenue　of　three　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS；　and　is　obliged　to　furnish　twelve　hundred　horse　and　twenty　thousand　foot　and　twenty…eight　elephants；　and　he　pays　to　the　King　every　year　eighty　thousand　PARDAOS。
  The　treasurer　of　the　jewels；　who　is　called　Narvara　is　captain　of　the　new　city　which　is　called　Ondegema；＇632＇　and　is　lord　of　the　city　of　Diguoty　and　of　Darguem　and　of　Entarem；＇633＇　and　of　the　other　lands　bordering　on　the　lands　of　Bisnaga；　they　are　all　fields。　They　yield　him　every　year　four　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS；　of　which　he　gives　the　King　two　hundred　thousand；　and　the　rest　he　spends　on　twelve　thousand　foot　and　six　hundred　horse　and　twenty　elephants。
  Another　captain　called　Chinapanayque；　the　King's　marshal；　is　lord　of　the　land　of　Calaly＇634＇　in　the　direction　of　Cochim　in　the　interior；　and　of　many　other　lands　that　yield　him　three　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS；　and　he　is　obliged　to　pay　the　King　every　year　one　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS；　and　serves　with　eight　hundred　horse　and　ten　thousand　foot　（PRACOS）。
  Crisnapanayque　is　lord　of　Aosel；＇635＇　which　is　a　large　city；　and　of　other　villages　that　I　do　not　here　mention　as　they　have　very　difficult　names。　These　lands　yield　him　every　year　twenty　thousand　PARDAOS　of　gold；　and　he　pays　an　annual　revenue　to　the　King　of　seven　thousand　PARDAOS；　and　serves　with　five　hundred　horse　and　seven　hundred　foot　（PRACOS）。
  Also　Bajapanarque；　who　is　captain　of　the　country　of　Bodial；＇636＇　which　borders　on　Mamgalor＇637＇　by　the　sea…coast。　He　is　lord　too　of　Guiana。＇638＇　In　this　country　there　is　much　pepper　and　sugar…cane　and　cloth　（of　flax）＇639＇　and　much　rice；　but　there　is　no　wheat；　nor　other　cloth；　and　it　is　a　land　of　wax。　It　yields　him　three　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS　a　year；　and　he　serves　with　eight　hundred　horsemen　and　ten　thousand　foot　and　fifteen　elephants。　He　pays　the　King　ten　thousand　PARDAOS。
  Mallpanarque；　who　was　chief　master　of　the　horse　to　King　Crisnarao；　is　lord　of　the　country　of　Avaly；＇640＇　which　is　in　the　interior　of　Calecu。＇641＇　This　land　has　much　iron　and　much　cotton；　rice；　goats；　sheep；　cows　and　buffaloes。　He　has　a　revenue　of　fifteen　thousand　PARDAOS；　and　is　obliged　to　serve　with　four　hundred　horse　and　six　thousand　foot；　and　pays　the　King　every　year　five　thousand　PARDAOS。
  Another　captain；　called　Adapanayque；　who　is　the　chief　counsellor　of　the　King；　is　lord　of　the　country　of　Gate；＇642＇　whence　come　the　diamonds；　and　of　many　other　territories　which　yield　him　three　hundred　thousand　gold　PARDAOS；　excluding　the　precious　stones　which　form　a　revenue　by　themselves。　He　pays　to　the　King　every　year　forty　thousand　PARDAOS；　with　the　condition　that　all　diamonds　which　exceed　twenty　MANGELINS＇643＇　in　weight　shall　be　given　to　the　King　for　his　Treasury。　He　serves　with　eight　thousand　foot　and　eight　hundred　horse　and　thirty　elephants；　and　pays　the　King　every　year　one　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS。
  Another　Bajapanayque　is　captain　of　Mumdoguel；＇644＇　which　was　a　fortress　of　the　Ydalcao；　and　was　taken　from　him　by　Crisnarao　when　he　took　Rachol；＇645＇　which　was　a　boundary　of　it。　This　fortress　of　Mumdoguel　with　other　territories　yields　him　four　hundred　thousand　PARDAOS；　and　he　serves　with　a　thousand　cavalry　and　ten　thousand　foot　and　fifty　elephants；　and　pays　the　King　every　year　one　hundred　and　fifty　thousand　PARDAOS。
  In　this　way　the　kingdom　of　Bisnaga　is　divided　between　more　than　two　hundred　captains　who　are　all　heathen；＇646＇　and　according　to　the　lands　and　revenues　that　they　have　so　the　King　settles　for　them　the　forces　that　they　are　compelled　to　keep　up；　and　how　much　revenue　they　have　to　pay　him　every　month　during　the　first　nine　days　of　the　month　of　September。　He　never　gives　any　receipts　to　them；　only；　if　they　do　not　pay　they　are　well　punished；　and　are　ruined　and　their　property　taken　away。　All　the　captains　of　this　kingdom　make　use　of　litters　and　palanqueens。　These　are　like　biers　and　men　carry　them　on　their　shoulders；　but　people　are　not　allowed　to　make　use　of　litters　unless　they　are　cavaliers　of　the　highest　rank；　and　the　captains　and　principal　persons　use　palanqueens。　There　are　always　at　the　court　where　the　King　is　twenty　thousand　litters　and　palanqueens。
  These　matters　concerning　（I。E。　the　power　and　greatness　of）　the　kingdom　of　Bisnaga；　though　it　may　seem　to　you　that　I　have　exagg