wn　internal　disturbances　in　the　kingdom。　A　second　expedition　met　with　no　better　success；　the　plans　of　the　Portuguese　being　again　upset　by　the　non　fulfilment　of　the　king's　part　of　the　bargain。　On　the　departure　of　the　fleet　the　king　did　attack　the　Dutch　settlement；　but　was　bought　off　by　a　large　payment；　and　the　Hollanders　remained　subsequently　undisturbed。
  Senhor　Lopes　tells　me　that　he　has　found　in　the　National　Archives　in　the　Torre　do　Tombo；　amongst　the　〃Livros　das　Moncoes；〃　a　number　of　papers　bearing　on　this　subject。　The　most　interesting　are　those　contained　in　Volume　xxxiv。　（fol。　91　　99）。　These　were　written　by　the　Captain…General　of　Meliapor　（St。　Thome）；　by　Padre　Pero　Mexia　of　the　Company　of　Jesus；　and　by　the　Bishop；　and　amongst　the　other　documents　are　to　be　seen　translations　of　two　palm…leaf　letters　written　by　the　king　of　Vijayanagar；　then　at　Vellore。　It　appears　from　these　that　the　king　was　devoid　of　energy；　and　that　one　Timma　Raya　had　revolted　against　him。
  We　know　that　in　1639　the　king　of　Vijayanagar　was　named　Ranga　or　Sri…Ranga；　and　that　he　was　at　that　time　residing　at　Chandragiri；　because　in　that　year　Mr。　Day；　the　head　of　the　English　trading　station　a　Madras；　obtained　from　the　king　a　grant　of　land　at　that　place；　one　mile　broad　by　five　miles　long；　on　which　Fort　St。　George　was　afterwards　constructed。　The　country　about　Madras　was　then　ruled　over　by　a　governor　or　Naik；　and　so　little　heed　did　he　pay　to　the　wishes　or　commands　of　his　titular　sovereign；　that　although　the　Raya　had　directed　that　the　name　of　the　new　town　should　be　〃Srirangarayalapatnam〃　（〃city　of　Sri　Ranga　Raya〃）；　the　Naik　christened　it　after　the　name　of　his　own　father；　Chenna；　and　called　it　〃Chennapatnam；〃　by　which　appellation　it　has　ever　since　been　known　to　the　Hindus。　Such；　at　least；　is　the　local　tradition。　This　king　was　probably　the　Ranga　VI。　of　the　Epigraphia　list；　mentioned　as　living　in　1644　A。D。
  After　this　date　my　（doubtful　and　unexamined）　inscriptions　yield　the　following　names　and　dates：
  A。D。　Ranga 1643；　1647；　1655；　1662；　1663；　1665；　1667；　1678　Venkata 1678；　1680　Ranga 1692　Venkata 1706　Ranga 1716　Mahadeva 1724　Ranga 1729　Venkata 1732　Rama 1739　（？）　Venkata 1744　Venkata 1791；　1792；　1793
  From　Sir　Thomas　Munro's　papers　I　gather　that　the　territory　about　the　old　family　estate　of　Anegundi　was　early　in　the　eighteenth　century　held　by　the　Rayas　from　the　Mogul　emperor　of　Delhi　as　a　tributary　state。　In　1749　it　was　seized　by　the　Mahrattas；　and　in　1775　it　was　reduced　by　Haidar　Ali　of　Mysore；　but　continued　to　exist　as　a　tributary　quasi…independent　state　till　the　time　of　Tipu　（Tippoo　Sultan）。
  Tipu；　who　never　suffered　from　an　excess　of　compunction　or　compassion　when　his　own　interests　were　at　stake；　annexed　the　estate　bodily　to　his　dominions　in　1786。　Thirteen　years　later　he　was　killed　at　Seringapatam；　and　in　the　settlement　that　followed　the　little　territory　was　made　over　to　the　Nizam　of　Haidarabad；　the　English　Government　retaining　all　lands　on　their　side　of　the　Tungabhadra。　Partly　in　compensation　for　this　loss　of　land　the　Government　has　till　very　recently　paid　an　annual　pension　to　the　head　of　the　Anegundi　family。　This　has　now　been　abolished。
  Chronicles　of　Paes　and　Nuniz
  Letter
  （？　to　the　historian　Barros）　which　accompanied　the　Chronicles　when　sent　from　India　to　Portugal　about　the　year　1537　A。D。
  Since　I　have　lived　till　now　in　this　city　（？　Goa）；　it　seemed　necessary　to　do　what　your　Honour　desired　of　me；　namely；　to　search　for　men　who　had　formerly　been　in　Bisnaga；　for　I　know　that　no　one　goes　there　without　bringing　away　his　quire　of　paper　written　about　its　affairs。　Thus　I　obtained　this　summary　from　one　Domingos　Paes；　who　goes　there；　and　who　was　at　Bisnaga　in　the　time　of　Crisnarao　when　Cristovao　de　Figueiredo　was　there。　I　obtained　another　from　Fernao　Nuniz；　who　was　there　three　years　trading　in　horses　（which　did　not　prove　remunerative）。　Since　one　man　cannot　tell　everything　　one　relating　some　things　which　another　does　not　　I　send　both　the　summaries　made　by　them；　namely；　one　in　the　time　of　Crisnarao；　as　I　have　said；　and　the　other　sent　from　there　six　months　since。　I　desire　to　do　this　because　your　honour　can　gather　what　is　useful　to　you　from　both；　and　because　you　will　thus　give　the　more　credit　to　some　things　in　the　chronicle　of　the　kings　of　Bisnaga；　since　they　conform　one　to　the　other。　The　copy　of　the　summary　which　he　began　to　make＇370＇　when　he　first　went　to　the　kingdom　of　Bisnaga　is　as　follows：
  Narrative　of　Domingos　Paes
  （written　probably　A。D。　1520　　22）
  Of　the　things　which　I　saw　and　contrived　to　learn　concerning　the　kingdom　of　Narsimga；　etc。＇371＇
  On　leaving　India＇372＇　to　travel　towards　the　kingdom　of　Narsymga　from　the　sea…coast；　you　have　（first）　to　pass　a　range　of　hills　（SERRA）；　the　boundary　of　the　said　kingdom　and　of　those　territories　which　are　by　the　sea。　This　SERRA　runs　along　the　whole　of　the　coast　of　India；　and　has　passes　by　which　people　enter　the　interior；　for　all　the　rest　of　the　range　is　very　rocky　and　is　filled　with　thick　forest。　The　said　kingdom　has　many　places　on　the　coast　of　India；　they　are　seaports　with　which　we　are　at　peace；　and　in　some　of　them　we　have　factories；　namely；　Amcola；　Mirgeo；　Honor；　Batecalla；　Mamgalor；　Bracalor；　and　Bacanor。　And　as　soon　as　we　are　above　this　SERRA　we　have　a　plain　country　in　which　there　are　no　more　ranges　of　hills；　but　only　a　few　mountains；　and　these　small　ones；　for　all　the　rest　is　like　the　plains　of　Ssantarem。＇373＇　Only　on　the　road　from　Batecala＇374＇　to　a　town　called　ZAMBUJA；　there　are　some　ranges　with　forests；　nevertheless　the　road　is　very　even。　From　Batecala　to　this　town　of　Zambur＇375＇　is　forty　leagues；　the　road　has　many　streams　of　water　by　its　side；　and　because　of　this　so　much　merchandise　flows　to　Batecala　that　every　year　there　come　five　or　six　thousand　pack…oxen。
  Now　to　tell　of　the　aforesaid　kingdom。　It　is　a　country　sparsely　wooded　except　along　this　SERRA　on　the　east；＇376＇　but　in　places　you　walk　for　two　or　three　leagues　under　groves　of　trees；　and　behind　cities　and　towns　and　villages　they　have　plantations　of　mangoes；　and　jack…fruit　trees；　and　tamarinds　and　other　very　large　trees；　which　form　resting…places　where　merchants　halt　with　their　merchandise。　I　saw　in　the　city　of　Recalem＇377＇　a　tree　under　which　we　lodged　three　hundred　and　twenty　horses；　standing　in　order　as　in　their　stables；　and　all　over　the　country　you　may　see　many　small　trees。　These　dominions　are　very　well　cultivated　and　very　fertile；　and　are　provided　with　quantities　of　cattle；　such　as　cows；　buffaloes；　and　sheep；　also　of　birds；　both　those　belonging　to　the　hills　and　those　reared　at　home；　and　this　in　greater　abundance　than　in　our　tracts。　The　land　has　plenty　of　rice　and　Indian…corn；　grains；　beans；　and　other　kind　of　crops　which　are　not　sown　in　our　parts；　also　an　infinity　of　cotton。　Of　the　grains　there　is　a　great　quantity；　because；　besides　being　used　as　food　for　men；　it　is　also　used　for　horses；　since　there　is　no　other　kind　of　barley；　and　this　country　has　also　much　wheat；　and　that　good。　The　whole　country　is　thickly　populated　with　cities　and　towns　and　villages；　the　king　allows　them　to　be　surrounded　only　with　earthen　walls　for　fear　of　their　becoming　too　strong。　But　if　a　city　is　situated　at　the　extremity　of　his　territory　he　gives　his　consent　to　its　having　stone　walls；　but　never　the　towns；　so　that　they　may　make　fortresses　of　the　cities　but　not　of　the　towns。
  And　because　this　country　is　all　flat；　the　winds　blow　here　more　than　in　other　parts。　The　oil　which　it　produces　comes　from　seeds　sown　and　afterwards　reaped；　and　they　obtain　it　by　means　of　machines　which　they　make。　This　country　wants　water　because　it　is　very　great　and　has　few　streams；　they　make　lakes　in　which　water　collects　when　it　rains；　and　thereby　they　maintain　themselves。　They　maintain　themselves　by　means　of　some　in　which　there　are　springs　better　than　by　others　that　have　only　the　water　from　rain；　for　we　find　many　quite　dry；　so　that　people　go　about　walking　in　their　beds；　and　dig　holes　to　try　and　find　enough　water；　even　a　little；　for　their　maintenance。　The　failure　of　the　water　is　because　they　have　no　winter　as　in　our　parts　and　in　（Portuguese）　India；　but　only　thunder…storms　that　are　greater　in　one　year　than　in　another。　The　water　in　these　lakes　is　for　the　most　part　muddy；　especially　in　those　where　there　are　no　springs；　and　the　reason　why　it　is　so　muddy　is　because　of　the　strong　wind　and　the　dust　that　is　in　this　country；　which　never　allows　the　water　to　be　clear；　and　also　because　of　the　numbers　of　cattle；　buffaloes；　cows；　oxen；　and　other　small　cattle　that　drink　in　them。　For　you　must　know　that　in　this　land　they　do　not　slaughter　oxen　or　cows；　the　oxen　are　beasts　of　burden　and　are　like　sumpter…mules；　these　carry　all　their　goods。　They　worship　the　cows；　and　have　them　in　their　pagodas　made　in　stone；　and　also　bulls；　they　have　many　bulls　that　they　present　to　these　pagodas；　and　these　bulls　go　about　the　city　without　any　one　causing　them　any　harm　or　loss。　Further；　there　are　asses　in　this　country；　but　they　are　small；　and　they　use　them　only　for　little　things；　those　that　wash　clothes　lay　the　cloths　on　them；　and　use　them　for　this　more　than　for　anything　else。　You　must　know　that　this　kingdom　of　Narsymga　has　three　hundred　GRAOS　of　coast；　each　GRAO　being　a　league；　along　the　hill…range　（SERRA）　of　which