his　way　to　Goa　at　all；　for　he　and　his　companions　were　constantly　seized　by　sets　of　marauders　and　made　to　pay　heavy　ransom　for　their　liberty；　and　on　one　occasion　they　were　attacked　by　dacoits　and　robbed。
  Tirumala　being　now　with　King　Sadasiva　in　Penukonda；　the　nobles　of　the　empire　began　to　throw　off　their　allegiance；　and　one　after　another　to　proclaim　their　independence。　The　country　was　in　a　state　of　anarchy。　The　empire；　just　now　so　solid　and　compact；　became　disintegrated；　and　from　this　time　forward　it　fell　rapidly　to　decay。
  To　the　Portuguese　the　change　was　of　vital　importance。　Federici　has　left　us　the　following　note　on　their　trade　with　Vijayanagar；　which　I　extract　from　〃Purchas's　Pilgrims：〃
  〃The　Merchandize　that　went　every　yeere　from　Goa　to　Bezeneger　were　Arabian　Horses；　Velvets；　Damaskes；　and　Sattens；　Armesine＇335＇　of　Portugall；　and　pieces　of　China；　Saffron；　and　Scarletts；　and　from　Bezeneger　they　had　in　Turkie　for　their　commodities；　Jewels　and　Pagodas；＇336＇　which　be　Ducats　of　Gold；　the　Apparell　that　they　use　in　Bezeneger　is　Velvet；　Satten；　Damaske；　Scarlet；　or　white　Bumbast　cloth；　according　to　the　estate　of　the　person；　with　long　Hats　on　their　heads　called　Colae；＇337＇　&c。〃
  Sassetti；　who　was　in　India　from　1578　to　1588；　confirms　the　others　as　to　Portuguese　loss　of　trade　on　the　ruin　of　the　city：
  〃The　traffic　was　so　large　that　it　is　impossible　to　imagine　it；　the　place　was　immensely　large；　and　it　was　inhabited　by　people　rich；　not　with　richness　like　ours；　but　with　richness　like　that　of　the　Crassi　and　the　others　of　those　old　days。。。。　And　such　merchandise！　Diamonds；　rubies；　pearls　。。。　and　besides　all　that；　the　horse　trade。　That　alone　produced　a　revenue　in　the　city　（Goa）　of　120　to　150　thousand　ducats；　which　now　reaches　only　6　thousand。〃
  Couto　tells　the　same　story：＇338＇
  〃By　this　destruction　of　the　kingdom　of　Bisnaga；　India　and　our　State　were　much　shaken；　for　the　bulk　of　the　trade　undertaken　by　all　was　for　this　kingdom；　to　which　they　carried　horses；　velvets；　satins　and　other　sorts　of　merchandize；　by　which　they　made　great　profits；　and　the　Custom　House　of　Goa　suffered　much　in　its　Revenue；　so　that　from　that　day　till　now　the　inhabitants　of　Goa　began　to　live　less　well；　for　paizes　and　fine　cloths　were　a　trade　of　great　importance　for　Persia　and　Portugal；　and　it　then　languished；　and　the　gold　pagodas；　of　which　every　year　more　than　500；000　were　laden　in　the　ships　of　the　kingdom；　were　then　worth　7　1/2　Tangas；　and　to　day　are　worth　11　1/2；　and　similarly　every　kind　of　coin。〃
  Sassetti　gives　another　reason；　however；　for　the　decay　of　Portuguese　trade　and　influence　at　Goa；　which　cannot　be　passed　over　without　notice。　This　was　the　terrible　Inquisition。　The　fathers　of　the　Church　forbade　the　Hindus　under　terrible　penalties　the　use　of　their　own　sacred　books；　and　prevented　them　from　all　exercise　of　their　religion。　They　destroyed　their　temples　and　mosques；　and　so　harassed　and　interfered　with　the　people　that　they　abandoned　the　city　in　large　numbers；　refusing　to　remain　any　longer　in　a　place　where　they　had　no　liberty；　and　were　liable　to　imprisonment；　torture；　and　death　if　they　worshipped　after　their　own　fashion　the　gods　of　their　fathers。＇339＇
  About　this　period；　therefore　（1567）；　the　political　condition　of　Southern　India　may　be　thus　summed　up：　　The　Muhammadans　of　the　Dakhan　were　triumphant　though　still　divided　in　interest；　and　their　country　was　broken　up　into　states　each　bitterly　hostile　to　the　other。　The　great　empire　of　the　south　was　sorely　stricken；　and　its　capital　was　for　ever　destroyed；　the　royal　family　were　refugees　at　Pennakonda；　King　Sadasiva　was　still　a　prisoner；　and　Tirumala；　the　only　survivor　of　the　〃three　brethren　which　were　tyrants；〃＇340＇　was　governing　the　kingdom　as　well　as　he　could。　The　nobles　were　angry　and　despondent；　each　one　seeking　to　be　free；　and　the　Portuguese　on　the　coast　were　languishing；　with　their　trade　irretrievably　injured。
  Firishtah　summarises　the　events　immediately　succeeding　the　great　battle　in　the　following　words：
  〃The　sultans；　a　few　days　after　the　battle；　marched　onwards　into　the　country　of　Ramraaje　as　far　as　Anicondeh；＇341＇　and　the　advanced　troops　penetrated　to　Beejanuggur；　which　they　plundered；　razed　the　chief　buildings；　and　committed　all　manner　of　excess。　When　the　depredations　of　the　allies　had　destroyed　all　the　country　round；　Venkatadri；＇342＇　who　had　escaped　from　the　battle　to　a　distant　fortress；　sent　humble　entreaties　of　peace　to　the　sultans；　to　whom　he　gave　up　all　the　places　which　his　brothers　had　wrested　from　them；　and　the　victors　being　satisfied；　took　leave　of　each　other　at　Roijore　（Raichur）；　and　returned　to　their　several　dominions。　The　raaje　of　Beejanuggur　since　this　battle　has　never　recovered　its　ancient　splendour；　and　the　city　itself　has　been　so　destroyed　that　it　is　now　totally　in　ruins　and　uninhabited；＇343＇　while　the　country　has　been　seized　by　the　zemindars　（petty　chiefs）；　each　of　whom　hath　assumed　an　independent　power　in　his　own　district。〃
  In　1568　（so　it　is　said）　Tirumala　murdered　his　sovereign；　Sadasiva；　and　seized　the　throne　for　himself；　but　up　to　that　time　he　seems　to　have　recognised　the　unfortunate　prince　as　his　liege　lord；　as　we　know　from　four　inscriptions　at　Vellore　bearing　a　date　corresponding　to　5th　February　1567　A。D。＇344＇
  And　thus　began　the　third　dynasty；　if　dynasty　it　can　be　appropriately　called。
  CHAPTER　16
  The　Third　Dynasty
  Genealogy　　The　Muhammadan　States　　Fall　of　Bankapur；　Kondavid；　Bellamkonda　and　Vinukonda　　Haidarabad　founded　　Adoni　under　the　Muhammadans　　Subsequent　history　in　brief。
  The　following　is　the　genealogy　of　this　third　family。＇345＇　They　came　apparently　of　the　old　royal　stock；　but　their　exact　relationship　to　it　has　never　been　conclusively　settled。　The　dates　appended　are　the　dates　of　inscriptions；　not　necessarily　the　dates　of　reigns。
  The　present　Rajah　of　Anegundi；　whose　family　name　is　Pampapati；　and　who　resides　on　the　old　family　estate　as　a　zamindar　under　H。H。　the　Nizam　of　Haidarabad；　has　favoured　me　with　a　continuation　of　the　family　tree　to　the　present　day。
  Ranga　VI。；　or；　as　he　is　generally　styled；　Sri　Ranga；　is　said　to　have　been　the　youngest　of　three　brothers；　sons　of　Chinna　Venkata　III。；　Vira　Venkatapati　Raya　being　the　eldest。　Gopala；　a　junior　member　of　the　family；　succeeded　to　the　throne　and　adopted　Ranga　VI。；　who　was　thus　a　junior　member　of　the　eldest　branch。　The　eldest　brother　of　Ranga　VI。　was　ousted。
  I　have　no　means　of　knowing　whether　this　information　is　correct；　but　the　succession　of　the　eldest　is　given　on　the　following　page。
  Pampapati　Rajah　is　recognised　by　his　Government　as　head　of　the　family　for　two　reasons：　first　and　foremost；　because　the　elder　line　is　extinct　and　he　was　adopted　by　his　sister　Kuppamma；　wife　of　Krishna　Deva　of　the　elder　line；　secondly；　because　his　two　elder　brothers　are　said　to　have　resigned　their　claims　in　his　favour。　The　title　of　the　present　chief　is　〃Sri　Ranga　Deva　Raya。〃　Whether　or　no　he　has　better　title　than　his　nephew；　Kumara　Raghava；　need　not　here　be　discussed。　The　interest　to　the　readers　of　this　history　lies　in　the　fact　that　these　two　are　the　only　surviving　male　descendants　of　the　ancient　royal　house。
  To　revert　to　the　history；　which　need　only　be　shortly　summarised　since　we　have　seen　Vijayanagar　destroyed　and　its　territories　in　a　state　of　political　confusion　and　disturbance。
  I　omit　altogether　the　alternate　political　combinations　and　dissolutions；　the　treacheries；　quarrels；　and　fights　of　the　various　Muhammadan　states　after　1565；　as　unnecessary　for　our　purpose　and　in　order　to　avoid　prolixity；　summarising　only　a　few　matters　which　more　particularly　concern　the　territories　formerly　under　the　great　Hindu　Empire。
  According　to　Golkonda　accounts；　a　year　after　the　great　battle　which　resulted　in　the　destruction　of　Vijayanagar；　a　general　of　the　Qutb　Shah；　Raffat　Khan　Lari；　ALIAS　Malik　Naib；　marched　against　Rajahmundry；　which　was　finally　captured　from　the　Hindus　in　A。D。　1571　　72　（A。H。　979）。
  Shortly　after　his　return　to　Bijapur　（so　says　Firishtah）；　Ali　Adil　Shah　moved　again　with　an　army　towards　Vijayanagar；　but　retired　on　the　Ahmadnagar　Sultan　advancing　to　oppose　him；　and　not　long　afterwards　he　made　an　ineffectual　attempt　to　reduce　Goa。　Retiring　from　the　coast；　he　marched　to　attack　Adoni；　then　under　one　of　the　vassal　chiefs　of　Vijayanagar；　who　had　made　himself　independent　in　that　tract。　The　place　was　taken；　and　the　Nizam　Shah　agreed　with　the　king　of　Bijapur　that　he　would　not　interfere　with　the　latter's　attempts　to　annex　the　territories　south　of　the　Krishna；　if　he　on　his　part　were　left　free　to　conquer　Berar。
  In　1573；　therefore；　Ali　Adil　moved　against　Dharwar　and　Bankapur。　The　siege　of　the　latter　place　under　its　chief；　Velappa　Naik；　now　independent；　lasted　for　a　year　and　six　months；　when　the　garrison；　reduced　to　great　straits；　surrendered。　Firishtah＇346＇　states　that　the　Adil　Shah　destroyed　a　〃superb　temple〃　there；　and　himself　laid　the　first　stone　of　a　mosque　which　was　built　on　its　foundation。　More　successes　followed　in　the　Konkan。　Three　years　later　Bellamkonda　was　similarly　attacked；　and　the　Raya　in　terror　retired　from　Penukonda　to　Chandragiri。　This　campaign；　however；　resulted　in　failure；　apparently　owing　to　the　Shah　of　Golkonda　assisting　the　Hindus。　In　1579　the　king　of　Golkonda；　in　breach　of　his　contra