his　tents　at　some　distance　from　those　of　the　Hindu　lords。　The　Sultan　thence　wrote　to　the　Raya　demanding　the　delivery　to　him　of　his　recalcitrant　〃slave；〃　and　the　Raya　sent　on　the　letter　to　Asada　Khan；　who　told　the　king　that　he　would　never　join　the　Muhammadans；　but　would　remain　faithful　to　Vijayanagar。　A　short　pause　ensued；　during　which　the　Raya　learned　that　constant　messages　were　passing　between　the　camps　of　the　Sultan　and　Asada　Khan。　Both　armies　then　marched　towards　Raichur；　the　Raya　to　retake　the　place　from　the　Sultan；　the　Sultan　watching　for　an　opportunity　to　attack　the　Raya。
  On　the　third　day　Asada　Khan　started　with　his　forces　two　hours　in　advance　of　the　royal　troops；　crossed　the　river　first；　and　hastened　to　join　the　Sultan。　Adil　Shah　received　him　with　great　apparent　cordiality；　and　at　length　freely　forgave　him　on　the　Khan's　protestations　that　his　intrigues　with　Vijayanagar　and　the　Portuguese　were　only　so　many　moves　in　a　game　undertaken　for　the　advancement　of　the　Sultan's　interests。　Previous　to　this　move　the　Khan　had　held　a　conversation　with　Figueiredo；　in　which　he　succeeded　in　totally　deceiving　him　as　to　his　intentions；　and　reiterated　his　promises　to　obtain　the　cession　of　the　mainlands　from　the　Raya；　for　whom　he　professed　the　greatest　friendship。
  In　the　end；　says　Barros；　the　Adil　Shah；　secretly　fearful　of　Asada　Khan's　duplicity；　made　a　treaty　of　peace　with　the　Raya；　by　which　the　Muhammadans　retained　Raichur　but　gave　up　some　other　territory。
  Though　this　story　differs　from　Firishtah　at　almost　every　point；　it　is　permissible　to　think　that　it　may　refer　to　the　events　of　1535；　when　the　Sultan　visited　Vijayanagar；　for　in　continuing　his　narrative；　Barros　a　little　later　mentions　the　year　1536。　It　seems　hopeless　to　try　and　reconcile　the　conflicting　stories　of　Nuniz；　Barros；　and　Firishtah；　but　enough　has　been　said　to　afford　insight　into　the　character　of　Asada　Khan。　Nuniz　echoes　the　general　sentiment　when　he　writes　of　the　Khan's　rescue　of　the　Adil　Shah；　after　his　defeat　at　Raichur　in　1520　A。D。；　as　being　effected　〃by　cunning；〃　for　his　own　purposes；　and　when　he　describes　how；　by　a　series　of　lies；　Asada　contrived　the　execution　of　Salabat　Khan　at　the　hands　of　Krishna　Raya。
  During　this　reign　the　Portuguese　were　busy　establishing　themselves　at　various　places　on　the　coast；　and　they　built　several　forts　there　for　the　protection　of　their　trade。　They　had　been　constantly　at　war　with　the　Samuri　of　Calicut　and　other　feudatories　of　Vijayanagar；　but　with　the　Raya　himself　they　were　on　terms　of　friendship；　and　in　1540　they　ratified　a　treaty　of　peace　with　the　sovereigns　of　Bijapur　and　Ahmadnagar　as　well　as　with　the　Samuri。
  Throughout　the　whole　of　their　dealings　with　the　Portuguese　I　find　not　a　single　instance　where　the　Hindu　kings　broke　faith　with　the　intruders；＇287＇　but　as　much　cannot；　I　fear；　be　said　on　the　other　side。　The　Europeans　seemed　to　think　that　they　had　a　divine　right　to　the　pillage；　robbery；　and　massacre　of　the　natives　of　India。　Not　to　mince　matters；　their　whole　record　is　one　of　a　series　of　atrocities。　It　is　sad　to　turn　from　the　description　given　us　by　Paes　of　the　friendship　felt　for　the　Portuguese；　and　especially　for　Christovao　de　Figueiredo；　by　the　〃gallant　and　perfect〃　King　Krishna　Deva；　and　then　to　read　of　the　treachery　of　the　Viceroy　towards　the　great　Hindu　Government；　with　which　the　Portuguese　had　made　alliances　and　treaties；　and　for　which　they　openly　professed　friendship。　Thus；　to　take　one　instance　only；　in　1545　the　governor　of　Goa　made　ready　a　large　fleet　and　a　force　of　3000　men；　but　kept　all　his　preparations　secret；　for　very　good　reason。　His　object　was　to　sail　round　the　coast　to　San　Thome；　near　Madras；　land　his　troops；　march　inland；　and　sack　the　great　temple　of　Tirumala　or　Tirupati；　purely　for　lust　of　gain。　Luckily　a　severe　storm　prevented　him　from　setting　said；　but　he　plundered　and　destroyed　some　rich　temples　on　the　western　coast；　and　enriched　himself　with　the　spoil　This　was　a　mere　wanton　attack　on　property　belonging　to　feudatories　of　the　Vijayanagar　empire；　for　there　has　never　been　any　pretence　that　the　peace…loving　Brahmans　attached　to　these　temples　had　in　any　way　offended　or　interfered　with　the　Portuguese。
  In　the　time　of　Achyuta　a　large　number　of　grants　were　made　by　the　nobles　to　temples　throughout　Southern　India；　and　numerous　inscriptions　on　stone　and　copperplates　are　extant　relating　to　these　charitable　and　religious　donations。　One　of　the　most　important　has　been　published　by　Professor　Kielhorn。＇288＇　It　relates　that　the　king；　being　on　the　banks　of　the　Tungabhadra　on　the　12th　October　A。D。　1540；　at　the　temple　of　Vitthalasvami　or　Vitthalesvara　　the　splendidly　sculptured　pavilions　of　which　remain　to　this　day；　even　in　their　ruin　and　decay；　an　object　of　astonishment　and　admiration　to　all　beholders　　gave　a　grant　of　a　village　not　far　from　Madras　to　the　Brahmans　learned　in　the　Vedas。
  The　last　date　of　Achyuta　known　to　epigraphists　at　present　is　found　in　an　inscription＇289＇　bearing　a　date　corresponding　to　January　25；　A。D。　1541；　and　the　earliest　date　similarly　available　of　his　successor；　Sadasiva；　is　July　27；　A。D。　1542。
  CHAPTER　14
  The　Beginning　of　the　End
  Reign　of　Sadasiva　　The　king　a　prisoner　but　acknowledged　　Rama　Raya　　The　Adil　Shah　again　at　Vijayanagar　　Bijapur　in　danger　　Saved　by　Asada　Khan　　Rebellion　of　Prince　Abdullah　　Royal　gratitude　　Death　of　Asada　at　Belgaum　　The　Portuguese　support　Abdullah　　Treaties　　Ain…ul…Mulkh　　Fights　near　Goa　　Rama　Raya's　threatened　expedition　to　Mailapur　　He　joins　the　Adil　Shah　and　wastes　the　territories　of　Ahmadnagar　　Portuguese　violence　on　the　Malabar　coast　　The　Inquisition　at　Goa。
  Sadasiva；　then；　began　to　reign　in　1541　or　1542　A。D。；　but　was　only　nominally　king；　the　whole　power　of　the　state　being　in　the　hands　of　Rama　Raya　and　his　two　brothers；　Tirumala　and　Venkatadri。　That　Sadasiva　was　recognised　by　every　one　as　the　real　sovereign　is　shown　by　a　large　number　of　inscriptions；　ranging　from　1542　to　1568；＇290＇　most　of　which；　however；　have　not　yet　been　properly　examined。　A　careful　study　has　been　made　by　Dr。　Hultzsch＇291＇　of　one　of　these；　dated　in　A。D。　1566　　67；　a　year　or　so　after　the　great　defeat　of　the　Hindus　at　Talikota　and　the　destruction　of　the　capital；　and　this　is　especially　interesting　as　it　bears　out　my　assertion　that　even　the　three　brothers　themselves　recognised　Sadasiva　as　king；　though　he　had　no　power　and　was　kept　under　constraint。　In　this　document　Rama　Rajah's　brother；　Tirumala；　is　the　important　personage；　but　he　submits　to　the　minor　title；　MAHAMANDALESVARA；　while　Sadasiva　is　mentioned　as　sovereign。　The　inscription　states　that　a　certain　person　presented　a　petition　to　the　〃Mahamandalesvara　Rama　Raja　Tirumala　Raja；〃　who；　AFTER　OBTAINING　SANCTION　AT　THE　FEET　OF　SADASIVA…DEVA　MAHARAYA；　granted　a　village　to　the　great　temple　at　Vellore。　Rama　Rajah　and　Venkatadri　were　both　at　that　time　dead；　and　Tirumala　was　king　DE　FACTO。　Couto＇292＇　even　goes　so　far　as　to　say　that　the　three　brothers　〃went　on　one　day　every　year　and　prostrated　themselves　before　their　lawful　sovereign　in　token　of　his　rights　over　them。〃　But　as　to　the　read　relationship　of　Achyuta　to　Krishna；　and　Sadasiva　to　both；　we　are　still　completely　in　doubt。
  We　saw　that；　according　to　Nuniz；　Krishna　Deva；　immediately　on　his　accession　to　the　throne；　imprisoned　his　three　brothers　and　a　nephew；　then　eight　years　old；　son　of　the　late　king；　〃Busbalrao。〃　This　was　in　the　year　1509　A。D。；　and　Krishna　was　then　over　twenty　years　old。　We　hear　of　no　king　of　the　name　of　〃Busbalrao；〃　or　anything　like　it；　from　other　sources；　nor　are　the　names　of　Krishna's　three　brothers　as　given　by　Nuniz＇293＇　at　all　like　those　of　the　two　half…brothers　mentioned　in　some　of　the　inscriptions。
  More　than　one　epigraphical　record　contains　the　following　genealogy：
  Here　we　have　two　half…brothers　of　Krishna　Deva　named　Ranga　and　Achyuta；　the　latter　being　chosen　king；　and　a　nephew；　Sadasiva。
  Two　inscriptions　noted　in　my　〃Sketch　of　the　Dynasties　of　Southern　India〃＇294＇　state　that　Achyuta　was　the　son　of　Krishna　Deva；　while　a　Telugu　work；　the　MANUCHARITRAM；　makes　him　son　of　the　second　Narasimha。　Couto＇295＇　says　that　he　was　nephew　of　Krishna　Raya。
  As　to　Sadasiva；　some　authorities　make　him；　as　stated　above；　nephew　of　Krishna　Deva　and　son　of　Ranga；　while　another　says　that　he　was　the　son　of　Achyuta。
  An　inscription　at　Conjeeveram＇296＇　states　that　Achyuta　had　a　wife　named　Varada　Devi　who　bore　him　a　son；　Venkata。　Venkata　was　actually　raised　to　the　throne；　but　lived　only　a　short　time；　and　then　young　Sadasiva　was　crowned　king。
  If　it　is　necessary　to　make　any　choice　amid　all　this　confusion；　I　recommend　my　readers　to　accept　provisionally　the　pedigree　given　in　the　above　table；　leaving　it　for　future　research　to　finally　settle　the　question。
  As　to　Rama　Raya；　several　inscriptions　state　that　he　and　his　two　brothers　were　sons　of　one　Ranga　Raya；　whose　pedigree　is　given；　and　Professor　Kielhorn　considers　it　established　that　Rama　married　Krishna　Deva's　daughter。＇297＇　She　was　probably　a　child　at　her　marriage。　She　had　a　brother　eighteen　months　old　at　the　time　of　Krishna　Deva's　death　　so　Nuniz　says　　but　we　hear　nothing　more　about　him；　or　what　became　of　him。　Another　daughter　of　Krishna　Deva　Raya's　is　said　to　have　been　married　to　Rama　Raya's　brother；　Tirumala。　Some　authorities