第 31 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:36      字数:9322
  Mr。   Coxwell   pulling   the   valve   line   with   his   teeth;   as   all   his   limbs   were
  disabled。
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  CHAPTER XLI How an Airman Knows what
  Height he Reaches
  One of the first questions the visitor to an aerodrome; when watching
  the altitude tests; asks is: 〃How is it known that the airman has risen to a
  height   of   so   many   feet?〃   Does   he   guess   at   the   distance   he   is   above   the
  earth?
  If  this  were    so;  then   it  is  very   evident  that  there   would    be   great
  difficulty in   awarding   a prize to   a number   of   competitors each trying to
  ascend higher than his rivals。
  No; the pilot does not guess at his flying height; but he finds it by a
  height…recording instrument called the BAROGRAPH。
  In the last chapter we saw how the ordinary mercurial barometer can
  be   used   to   ascertain   fairly   accurately   the   height   of   mountains。   But   the
  airman does not take a mercurial barometer up with him。 There is for his
  use another form of barometer much more suited to his purpose; namely;
  the barograph; which is really a development of the aneroid barometer。
  The aneroid barometer (Gr。 a; not; neros; moist) is so called because it
  requires    neither    mercury;    glycerine;    water;   nor  any   other   liquid   in  its
  construction。 It consists essentially of a small; flat; metallic box made of
  elastic metal; and from which the air has been partially exhausted。 In the
  interior   there   is   an   ingenious   arrangement   of   springs   and   levers;   which
  respond   to   atmospheric   pressure;   and   the   depression   or   elevation   of   the
  surface     is  registered   by   an  index   on   the  dial。  As   the  pressure    of  the
  atmosphere increases; the sides of the box are squeezed in by the weight of
  the air; while with a decrease of pressure they are pressed out again by the
  springs。 By means of a suitable adjustment the pointer on the dial responds
  to   these   movements。      It  is  moved    in  one   direction    for  increase   of   air
  pressure; and in the opposite for decreased pressure。 The positions of the
  figures on the dial are originally obtained by numerous comparisons with
  a standard mercurial barometer; and the scale is graduated to correspond
  with the mercurial barometer。
  From the illustration here given you will notice the pointer and scale
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  of   the   〃A。   G〃   aero…barograph;   which   is   used   by   many   of   our   leading
  airmen;   and   which;   as   we   have   said;   is   a   development   of   the   aneroid
  barometer。 The need of a self…registering scale to a pilot who is competing
  in   an   altitude   test;   or   who   is   trying   to   establish   a   height   record;   is   self…
  evident。      He   need     not   interfere    with    the  instrument       in  the   slightest;    it
  records and tells its own story。 There is in use a pocket barograph which
  weighs only 1 pound; and registers up to 4000 feet。
  It   is   claimed   for   the   〃A。   G。〃   barograph   that   it   is   the   most   precise
  instrument       of   its  kind。    Its  advantages       are   that   it  is  quite    portableit
  measures   only   6   1/4   inches   in   length;   3   1/2   inches   in   width;   and   2   1/2
  inches   in   depth;   with   a   total   weight   of   only   14   poundsand   that   it   is
  exceptionally accurate and strong。 Some idea of the labour involved in its
  construction         may     be    gathered      from     the    fact    that    this   small     and
  insignificant…looking   instrument;   fitted   in   its   aluminium   case;   costs   over
  L8。
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  CHAPTER XLII How an Airman finds his Way
  In the early days of aviation we frequently heard of an aviator losing
  his   way;   and   being   compelled   to   descend   some   miles   from   his   required
  destination。 There are on record various instances where airmen have lost
  their way when flying over the sea; and have drifted so far from land that
  they have been drowned。  One of the most   notable of such disasters  was
  that which occurred to Mr。 Hamel in 1914; when he was trying to cross the
  English Channel。 It is presumed that this unfortunate pilot lost his bearings
  in   a   fog;   and   that   an;   accident   to   his   machine;   or   a   shortage   of   petrol;
  caused him to fall in the sea。
  There are several reasons why air pilots go out of their course; even
  though   they   are   supplied   with   most   efficient   compasses。   One   cause   of
  misdirection is the prevalence of a strong side wind。 Suppose; for example;
  an   airman   intended   to   fly   from   Harwich   to Amsterdam。 A  glance   at   the
  map will show that the latter place is almost due east of Harwich。 We will
  assume that when the pilot leaves Earth at Harwich the wind is blowing to
  the east; that is; behind his back。
  Now;   however   strong   a   wind   may   be;   and   in   whatever   direction   it
  blows; it always appears to be blowing full in a pilot's face。 Of course this
  is due   to   the   fact   that   the   rush   of the   machine through   the   air   〃makes   a
  wind〃; as we say。 Much the same sort of thing is experienced on a bicycle;
  when out cycling we very generally seem to have a 〃head〃 wind。
  Suppose during his journey a very strong side wind sprang;up over the
  North   Sea。   The   pilot   would   still   keep   steering   his   craft   due   east;   and   it
  must be remembered that when well out at sea there would be no familiar
  landmarks   to   guide   him;   so   that   he   would   have   to   rely   solely   on   his
  compass。 It is highly probable that he would not feel the change of wind at
  all; but it is even more probable that when land was ultimately reached he
  would be dozens of miles from his required landing…place。
  Quite recently Mr。 Alexander Gross; the well…known maker of aviation
  instruments;   who   is   even   more   famous   for   his   excellent   aviation   maps;
  claims     to  have    produced     an   anti…drift   aero…compass;       which    has   been
  specially   designed   for   use   on   aeroplanes。   The   chief   advantages   of   this
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  compass   are   that   the   dial   is   absolutely   steady;   the   needle   is   extremely
  sensitive and shows accurately the most minute change of course; the anti…
  drift arrangement checks the slightest deviation from the straight course;
  and   it   is   fitted   with   a   revolving   sighting   arrangement   which   is   of   great
  importance in the adjustment of the instrument。
  Before the airman leaves Earth he sets his compass to the course to be
  steered; and during the flight he has only to see that the two boldly…marked
  north pointson the dial and on the outer ringcoincide to know that he is
  keeping his course。 The north points are luminous; so that they are clearly
  visible at night。
  It is quite possible that if some of our early aviators had carried such a
  highly…efficient   compass   as   this;   their   lives   might   have   been   saved;   for
  they   would   not   have   gone   so   far   astray   in   their   course。   The   anti…drift
  compass has been adopted by various Governments; and it now forms part
  of the equipment of the Austrian military aeroplane。
  When   undertaking   cross…country   flights   over   strange   land   an   airman
  finds his way by a specially…prepared map which is spread out before him
  in an aluminium map case。 From the illustration here given of an aviator's
  map; you will see that it differs in many respects from the ordinary map。
  Most British aviation maps are made and supplied by Mr Alexander Gross;
  of the firm of 〃Geographia〃; London。
  Many   airmen   seem   to   find   their   way   instinctively;   so   to   speak;   and
  some      are  much     better   in  picking     out  landmarks;      and    recognizing      the
  country generally; than others。 This is the case even with pedestrians; who
  have   the   guidance   of   sign…posts;   street   names;   and   so   on   to   assist   them。
  However   accurately   some   people   are   directed;   they   appear   to   have   the
  greatest     difficulty   in   finding    their   way;   while    others;    more    fortunate;
  reme