第 27 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9321
  considerable       damage      to  the   docks     and   shipping。     The    British   ships
  remained   off   the   coast   for   three   hours   in   order   to   pick   up   the   returning
  airmen;      and   during    this   time   they    were    attacked    by   dirigibles    and
  submarines;   without;   however;   suffering   damage。   Six   of   the   sea…planes
  returned safely to the ships; but one was wrecked in Heligoland Bight。
  But the present efficient sea…plane is a development of the war。 In the
  early days many of the raids of the 〃naval wing〃 were carried out in land…
  going aeroplanes。 Now the R。N。A。S。; which came into being as a separate
  service in July; 1914; possess two main types of flying machine; the flying
  boat and the twin float; both types being able to rise from and alight upon
  the   sea;   just   as   an  aeroplane   can   leave   and   return   to   the   land。   Many
  brilliant raids stand   to the   credit of the   R。N。A。S。 The   docks at Antwerp;
  submarine       bases   at  Ostend;     and   all  Germany's      fortified   posts   on   the
  Belgian   coast;   have   seldom   been   free   from   their   attentions。   And   when;
  under the stress of public outcry; the Government at last gave its consent
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  to    a  measure      of   〃reprisals〃    it  was    the   R。N。A。S。      which     opened      the
  campaign with a raid upon the German town of Mannheim。
  As the war continued the duties of the naval pilot increased。 He played
  a   great   part   in   the   ceaseless   hunt   for   submarines。   You   must   often   have
  noticed how easily fish can be seen from a bridge which are quite invisible
  from     the   banks    of   the  river。   On    this  principle    the   submarine       can   be
  〃spotted〃 by air…craft; and not until the long silence upon naval affairs is
  broken;   at   the   end   of   the   war;   shall   we   know   to   what   extent   we   are
  indebted   to   naval   airmen   for   that   long   list   of   submarines   which;   in   the
  words of the German reports; 〃failed to return〃 to their bases。
  In   addition   to   the   〃Blimps〃   of   which   mention   has   been   made;   the
  Royal   Naval Air   Service   are   in   charge   of   air…ships   known   as   the   Coast
  Patrol type; which work farther out to sea; locating minefields and acting
  as   scouts   for   the   great   fleet   of   patrol   vessels。   The   Service   has   gathered
  laurels in   all parts of   the globe; its   achievements   ranging   from  an   aerial
  food service into beleaguered Kut to the discovery of the German cruiser
  Konigsberg; cunningly camouflaged up an African creek。
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  CHAPTER XXXVII The First Man to Fly in
  Britain
  The honour of being the first man to fly in this country is claimed by
  Mr。    A。   V。  Roe;    head   of   the  well…known       firm   A。  V。   Roe   &   Co。;   of
  Manchester; and constructor of the highly…efficient Avro machines。
  As a youth Roe's great hobby was the construction of toy  models of
  various forms of machinery; and later on he achieved considerable success
  in the production of aeroplane models。 All manner of novelties were the
  outcome      of   his  fertile  brain;   and   as  it  has  been    truly  remarked;     〃his
  novelties   have   the   peculiarity;   not   granted   to   most   pioneers;   of   being   in
  one    respect    or  another    ahead    of  his  contemporaries。〃       In  addition;    he
  studied the flight of birds。
  In the early days of aviation Mr。 Roe was a firm believer in the triplane
  form   of   machine;   and   his   first   experiments   in   flight   were   made   with   a
  triplane equipped with an engine which developed only 9 horse…power。
  Later on; he turned his attention to the biplane; and with this craft he
  has been highly successful。 The Avro biplane; produced in 1913; was one
  of the very best machines which appeared in that eventful year。 The Daily
  Telegraph;      when     relating    its  performances;      said:   〃The    spectators     at
  Hendon were given a remarkable demonstration of the wonderful qualities
  of this fine Avro biplane; whose splendid performances stamped it as one
  of the finest aeroplanes ever designed; if not indeed the finest of all〃。
  This   craft   is  fitted   with  an  80…horse…power   Gnome          engine;    and   is
  probably the fastest passenger…carrying biplane of its type in the world。 Its
  total   weight;   with   engine;   fuel   for   three  hours;   and   a  passenger;   is   1550
  pounds; and it has a main…plane surface of 342 square feet。
  Not   only   can   the   biplane   maintain   such   great   speed;   but;   what   is   of
  great importance for observation purposes; it can fly at the slow rate of 30
  miles per hour。 We have previously remarked that a machine is kept up in
  the air by the speed it attains; if its normal flying speed be much reduced
  the   machine   drops   to   earth   unless   the   rate   of   flying   is   accelerated   by
  diving; or other means。
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  What Harry Hawker is to Mr。 Sopwith so is F。 P。 Raynham to Mr。 Roe。
  This skilful pilot learned to fly at Brooklands; and during the last year or
  two    he   has   been  continuously   engaged   in   testing   Avro   machines;   and
  passing them through the Army reception trials。 In the 〃Aerial Derby〃 of
  1913 Mr。 Raynham piloted an 80…horse…power Avro biplane; and came in
  fourth。
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  CHAPTER XXXVIII The Royal Flying Corps and
  Royal Naval Air Service
  The   year   1912   was   marked   by   the   institution   of   the   Royal   Flying
  Corps。 The new corps; which was so soon to make its mark in the greatest
  of all wars; consisted   of naval and military  〃wings〃。 In those early  days
  the   head…quarters   of   the   corps   were   at   Eastchurch;   and   there   both   naval
  and   military  officers   were   trained   in   aviation。   In   an   arm  of   such   rapid
  almost miraculousdevelopment as Service flying to go back a period of
  six years is almost to take a plunge into ancient history。 Designs; engines;
  guns;  fittings;  signals   of  those   days   are   now  almost   archaic。 The   British
  engine   of   reliable    make   had    not   yet   been   evolved;    and   the  aeroplane
  generally   was   a   conglomerate   affair   made   up   of   parts   assembled   from
  various parts of the Continent。 The present…day sea…plane was yet to come;
  and naval pilots shared the land…going aeroplanes of their military brethren。
  In the days when Bleriot provided a world sensation by flying across the
  Channel the new science was kept alive mainly by the private enterprise of
  newspapers   and   aeroplane   manufacturers。   The   official   attitude;   as   is   so
  often the case in the history of inventions; was as frigid as could be。 The
  Government   looked   on   with   a   cold   and   critical   eye;   and   could   not   be
  touched either in heart or in pocket。
  But   with   the   institution   of   the   Royal   Flying   Corps   the   official   heart
  began     to   warm    slightly;   and   certain    tests  were    laid  down     for   those
  manufacturers   who   aspired to   sell their   machines   to the   new   arm  of   the
  Service。 These tests; providing for fuel capacity up to 4。0 miles; speeds up
  to 85 miles an hour; and heights up to 3500 feet; would now be regarded
  as very elementary affairs。 〃Looping the loop〃 was still a dangerous trick
  for the exhibiting airman and not an evolution; while the 〃nose…dive〃 was
  an uncalculated entry into the next world。
  The first important stage in the history of the new arm was reached in
  July; 1914; when the wing system was abolished; and the Royal Naval Air
  Service   became   a   separate   unit   of   the   Imperial   Forces。   The   first   public
  appearance of the sailor airmen was at a proposed review of the fleet by
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  the   King   at   a   test   mobilization。  The   King   was   unable   to   attend;   but   the
  naval     pilots  carried    out  their   part  of   the  programme       very    creditably
  considering the polyglot nature of their sea…planes。 A