第 19 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9322
  to be quite flat; and it was chiefly because of this that the pilot was able to
  maintain such marvellous speed。
  The scientific study of the wing lift of planes has proceeded so far that
  the actual 〃lift〃 can now be measured; providing the speed of the machine
  is known; together with the superficial area of the planes。 The designer can
  calculate what weight each square foot of the planes will support in the air。
  Thus some machines have a 〃lift〃 of 9 or 10 pounds to each square foot of
  wing surface; while others are reduced to 3 or 4 pounds per square foot。
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  CHAPTER XXV The Wright Biplane (Cont。)
  The under part of the frame of the Wright biplane; technically known
  as the CHASSIS; resembled a pair of long 〃runner〃 skates; similar to those
  used in the Fens for skating races。 Upon those runners the machine moved
  along   the   ground     when   starting   to   fly。   In   more  modern   machines      the
  chassis is equipped with two or more small rubber…tyred wheels on which
  the machine runs along the ground before rising into the air; and on which
  it alights when a descent is made。
  You   will   notice   that   the   pilot's   seat   is   fixed   on   the   lower  plane;   and
  almost in the centre of it; while close by the engine is mounted。 Alongside
  the engine is a radiator which cools the water that has passed round   the
  cylinder of the engine in order to prevent them from becoming overheated。
  Above the lower plane is a similar plane arranged parallel to it; and the
  two    are   connected     by  light  upright    posts   of  hickory    wood    known     as
  STRUTS。   Such   an   aeroplane   as   this;   which   is   equipped   with   two   main
  planes;     known      as   a  BIPLANE。        Other     types    of   air…craft   are   the
  MONOPLANE;             possessing      one    main    plane;    and    the   TRIPLANE;
  consisting of three planes。 No practical machine has been built with more
  than three main planes; indeed; the triplane is now almost obsolete。
  The Wrights fitted their machine with two long…bladed wooden screws;
  or   propellers;   which   by   means   of   chains   and   sprocket…wheels;   very   like
  those   of   a   bicycle;   were   driven   by   the   engine;   whose   speed   was   about
  1200   revolutions   a   minute。   The   first   motor   engine   used   by   these   clever
  pioneers      had   four    cylinders;    and    developed     about    20    horsepower。
  Nowadays engines are produced which develop more than five times that
  power。
  In later machines one propeller is generally thought to be sufficient; in
  fact   many   constructors   believe   that   there   is   danger   in   a   two…propeller
  machine; for if one propeller got broken; the other propeller; working at
  full speed; would probably overturn the machine before the pilot could cut
  off his engine。
  Beyond the propellers there are two little vertical planes which can be
  moved to one side or the other by a control lever in front of the pilot's seat。
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  These planes or rudders steer the machine from side to side; answering the
  same purpose as the rudder of a boat。
  In front of the supporting planes there are two other horizontal planes;
  arranged one above the other; these are much smaller than the main planes;
  and are known as the ELEVATORS。 Their function is to raise or lower the
  machine by catching the air at different angles。
  Comparison      with  a  modern   biplane;  such   as  may   be  seen  at  an
  aerodrome     on   any   〃exhibition〃   day;  will   disclose  several   marked
  differences in construction between the modern type and the earlier Wright
  machine; though the central idea is the same。
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  CHAPTER XXVI How the Wrights launched their
  Biplane
  Those of us who have seen an aeroplane rise from the ground know
  that it runs quickly along for 50 or 60 yards; until sufficient momentum
  has been gained for the craft to lift itself into the air。 The Wrights; as stated;
  fitted their machine with a pair of launching runners which projected from
  the   under   side   of   the   lower   plane   like   two   very   long   skates;   and   the
  method   of   launching   their   craft   was   quite   different   from   that   followed
  nowadays。
  The launching   apparatus consisted   of   a wooden   tower at   the  starting
  end of the launching waysa wooden rail about 60 or 70 feet in length。 To
  the   top   of  the   tower   a  weight    of  about    1/2  ton   was   suspended。      The
  suspension rope was led downwards over pulleys; thence horizontally to
  the   front   end   and   back   to   the   inner   end   of   the   railway;   where   it   was
  attached to the aeroplane。 A small trolley was fitted to the chassis of the
  machine and this ran along the railway。
  To    launch    the  machine;     which;    of   course;   stood    on  the   rail;  the
  propellers   were   set   in   motion;   and   the   1/2…ton   weight   at   the   top   of   the
  tower     was    released。   The    falling   weight    towed    the   aeroplane     rapidly
  forward     along    the  rail;  with   a  velocity   sufficient   to   cause   it  to  glide
  smoothly   into      the  air  at   the  other  end   of   the  launching    ways。   By   an
  ingenious arrangement the trolley was left behind on the railway。
  It   will   at   once   occur   to   you   that   there   were   disadvantages   in   this
  system of commencing a flight。 One was that the launching apparatus was
  more or less a fixture。 At any rate it could not be carried about from place
  to   place   very    readily:   Supposing      the  biplane    could    not  return   to  its
  starting…point;   and   the   pilot   was   forced   to   descend;   say;   10   or   12   miles
  away: in such a case it would be neces… sary to tow the machine back to
  the launching ways; an obviously inconvenient arrangement; especially in
  unfavourable country。
  For some time the 〃wheeled〃 chassis has been in universal use; but in a
  few cases it has been thought desirable to adopt a combination of runners
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  and wheels。 A moderately firm surface is necessary for the machine to run
  along the ground; if the ground be soft or marly the wheels would sink in
  the soil; and serious accidents have resulted from the sudden stoppage of
  the forward motion due to this cause。
  With   their   first   power…driven   machine   the   Wrights   made   a   series   of
  very fine flights; at first in a straight line。 In 1904 they effected their first
  turn。 By the following year they had made such rapid progress that they
  were able to exceed a distance of 20 miles in one flight; and keep up in the
  air   for  over   half   an  hour   at  a  time。   Their   manager     now    gave   their
  experiments great publicity; both in the American and European Press; and
  in 1908 the brothers; feeling quite sure of their success; emerged from a
  self…imposed   obscurity;   and   astonished   the   world   with   some   wonderful
  flights; both in America and on the French flying ground at Issy。
  A  great   loss   to   aviation   occurred   on   30th   May;   1912;   when   Wilbur
  Wright     died   from   an   attack   of  typhoid    fever。  His   work    is  officially
  commemorated in Britain by an annual Premium Lecture; given under the
  auspices of the Aeronautical Society。
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  CHAPTER XXVII The First Man to Fly in Europe
  In November; 1906; nearly the whole civilized world was astonished
  to   read   that  a  rich  young    Brazilian    aeronaut;    residing   in  France;    had
  actually succeeded in making a short flight; or; shall we say; an enormous
  〃hop〃; in a heavier…than…air machine。
  This pioneer of aviation was M。 Santos Dumont。 For five or six years
  before   his   experiments   with   the   aeroplane   he   had   made   a   great   many
  flights in balloons; and also in dirigible balloons。 He was the son of well…
  to…do parentshis father was a successful coffee planterand he had ample
  means to carry on his costly experiments。
  Flying was Santos Dumont's great hobby。 Even in boyhood; when far
  away   in   Brazil;   he   had   been   kee