第 17 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9322
  into vapours。 These vapours are sent through a series of pipes surrounded
  with cold water; where they are cooled and become liquid again。 Petrol is
  a mixture of these lighter products of the oil。
  If   petrol   be   placed   in   the   air   it   readily   turns   into   a   vapour;   and   this
  vapour is extremely inflammable。 For this reason petrol is always kept in
  sealed   tins;   and   very   large   quantities   are   not   allowed   to   be   stored   near
  large   towns。    The   greatest    care   has  to   be  exercised   in  the   use  of  this
  〃unsafe〃 spirit。 For example; it is most dangerous to smoke when filling a
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  tank with petrol; or to use the spirit near a naked light。 Many motor…cars
  have been set on fire through the petrol leaking out of the tank in which it
  is carried。
  The tank which contains the petrol is placed under one of the seats of
  the motor…car; or at the rear; if in use on a motor…cycle it is arranged along
  the top bar of the frame; just in front of the driver。 This tank is connected
  to   the   〃carburettor〃;     a  little  vessel   having    a   small   nozzle    projecting
  upwards in its centre。 The petrol trickles from the tank into the carburettor;
  and   is   kept   at   a  constant   level by  means   of  a  float   which   acts   in   a   very
  similar way to the ballcock of a water cistern。
  The carburettor is connected to the cylinder of the engine by another
  pipe; and there is valve which is opened by the engine itself and is closed
  by   a   spring。   By   an   ingenious   contrivance   the   valve   is   opened   when   the
  piston moves out of the cylinder; and a vacuum is created behind it and in
  the carburettor。 This carries a fine spray of petrol to be sucked up through
  the nozzle。 Air is also sucked into the carburettor; and the mixture of air
  and petrol spray produces an inflammable vapour which is drawn straight
  into the cylinder of the engine。
  As   soon   as   the   piston   moves   back;   the   inlet   valve   is   automatically
  closed and the vapour is compressed into the top of the cylinder。 This is
  exploded by an electric spatk; which is passed between two points inside
  the   cylinder;   and   the   force   of   the   explosion   drives   the   piston   outwards
  again。   On   its   return   the  〃exhaust〃   or   burnt   gases   are  driven   out   through
  another valve; known as the 〃exhaust〃 valve。
  Whether the engine has two; four; or six cylinders; the car is propelled
  in a similar way for all the pistons assist in turning one shaft; called the
  engine shaft; which runs along the centre of the car to the back axle。
  The    rapid    explosions     in  the  cylinder    produce     great   heat;   and   the
  cylinders are kept cool by circulating water round them。 When the water
  has   become   very   hot   it   passes   through   a   number   of   pipes;   called   the
  〃radiator〃; placed in front of the car; the cold air rushing between the coils
  cools the water; so that it can be used over and over again。
  No water is needed for the engine of a   motor cycle。 You will   notice
  that the cylinders are enclosed by wide rings of metal; and these rings are
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  quite sufficient to radiate the heat as quickly as it is generated。
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  CHAPTER XXII The Aeroplane Engine
  We   have   seen   that   a   very   important   part   of   the   internal…combustion
  engine; as used on the motor…car; is the radiator; which prevents the engine
  from becoming overheated and thus ceasing to work。 The higher the speed
  at   which   the   engine   runs   the   hotter   does   it   become;   and   the   greater   the
  necessity for an efficient cooling apparatus。
  But the motor on an aeroplane has to do much harder work than the
  motor   used   for   driving   the   motor…car;   while   it   maintains   a   much   higher
  speed。 Thus there is an even greater tendency for it to become overheated;
  and the great problem which inventors of aeroplane engines have had to
  face is the construction of a light but powerful engine equipped with some
  apparatus for keeping it cool。
  Many different forms of aeroplane engines have been invented during
  the last few years。 Some inventors preferred the radiator system of cooling
  the engine; but the tank containing the water; and the radiator itself; added
  considerably to the weight of the motor; and this; of course; was a serious
  drawback to its employment。
  But   in   1909   there   appeared   a   most   ingeniously…constructed   engine
  which   was     destined    to  take   a  very   prominent    part   in  the  progress   of
  aviation。 This was the famous 〃Gnome〃 engine; by means of which races
  almost innumerable have been won; and amazing records established。
  We have already referred to the engine shaft of the motor…car; which is
  revolved   by   the   pistons   of   the   various   fixed   cylinders。   In   all   aeroplane
  engines   which   had      appeared   before    the   Gnome   the    same   principle    of
  construction had been adopted; that is to say; the cylinders were fixed; and
  the engine shaft revolved。
  But in the Gnome engine the reverse order of things takes place; the
  shaft is fixed; and the cylinders fly round it at a tremendous speed。 Thus
  the rapid whirl in the air keeps the engine cool; and cumbersome tanks and
  unwieldy radiators   can be   dispensed with。 This arrangement   enabled   the
  engine to be made very light and yet be of greater horse…power than that
  attained by previously…existing engines。
  A further very important characteristic of the rotary…cylinder engine is
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  that no flywheel is used; in a stationary engine it has been found necessary
  to have a fly…wheel in addition to the propeller。 The rotary…cylinder engine
  acts as its own fly…wheel; thus again saving considerable weight。
  The new engine astonished experts when they first examined it; and all
  sorts of disasters to it were predicted。 It was of such revolutionary design
  that wiseacres shook their heads and said that any pilot who used it would
  be constantly in trouble with it。 But during the last few years it has passed
  from   one   triumph   to   another;   commencing   with   a   long…distance   record
  established by Henri Farman at Rheims; in 1909。 It has since been used
  with   success by  aviators   all the   world over。 That   in   the Aerial   Derby  of
  1913which was flown over a course Of 94 miles around Londonsix of
  the eleven machines which took part in the race were fitted with Gnome
  engines;  and   victory  was   achieved   by  Mr。  Gustav   Hamel;  who   drove   an
  80…horse…power Gnome; is conclusive evidence of the high value of this
  engine in aviation。
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  CHAPTER XXIII A Famous British Inventor of
  Aviation Engines
  In   the   general   design   and   beauty   of   workmanship   involved         in  the
  construction of   aeroplanes; Britain is now quite   the   equal of   her   foreign
  rivals; even in engines we are making extremely rapid progress; and the
  well…known Green Engine Company; profiting by the result of nine years'
  experience; are able to turn out aeroplane engines as reliable; efficient; and
  as light in pounds weight per horse…power as any aero engine in existence。
  In the early days of aviation larger and better engines of British make
  specially suited for aeroplanes were our most urgent need。
  The story of the invention of the 〃Green〃 engine is a record of triumph
  over great difficulties。
  Early   in   1909the   memorable   year   when   M。   Bleriot   was   firing   the
  enthusiasm  of   most   engineers by  his   cross…Channel   flight;   when   records
  were   being   established   at   Rheims;   and   when   M。   Paulhan   won   the   great
  prize    of   L10;000     for  the   London      to  Manchester      flight   Mr。   Green
  conceived a number of ingenious ideas for an aero engine。
  One   of   Mr。   Green's   requirements   was   that   the   cylinders   should   be
  made of cast…steel; and that they should come from a British foundry。 The
  company that took the work in hand; the Aster Company; had confidence
  in the inventor's idea