第 16 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9322
  no detail; profiting by their failures; and moving logically from step to step。
  They never attempted an experiment rashly: there was always a reason for
  what     they   did。  In  fact;  their   success    was   due   to  systematic     progress;
  achieved by wonderful perseverance。
  But   now;   for   a   short   time;   we   must   leave   the   pioneer   work   of   the
  Wright brothers; and turn to the invention of the petrol engine as applied
  to   the   motor   car;   an   invention   which   was   destined   to   have   far…reaching
  results on the science of aviation。
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  CHAPTER XX The Internal…combustion Engine
  We have several times remarked upon the great handicap placed upon
  the   pioneers   of   aviation   by   the   absence   of   a   light   but   powerful   motor
  engine。 The   invention   of   the   internal…combustion   engine   may   be   said   to
  have revolutionized the science of flying; had it appeared a century ago;
  there is no reason to doubt that Sir George Cayley would have produced
  an aeroplane giving as good results as the machines which have appeared
  during the last five or six years。
  The motor engine and the aeroplane are inseparably connected; one is
  as   necessary   to   the   other   as   clay   is   to   the   potter's   wheel;   or   coal   to   the
  blast…furnace。   This   being   the   case;   it   is   well   that   we   trace   briefly   the
  development of the engine during the last quarter of a century。
  The original mechanical genius of the motoring industry was Gottlieb
  Daimler; the founder of the immense Daimler Motor Works of Coventry。
  Perhaps   nothing   in   the   world   of   industry   has   made   more   rapid   strides
  during the last twenty years than automobilism。 In 1900 our road traction
  was carried on by means of horses; now; especially in the large cities; it is
  already more than half mechanical; and at the present rate of progress it
  bids fair to be soon entirely horseless。
  About   the   year   1885   Daimler   was   experimenting   with   models   of   a
  small   motor   engine;   and   the   following   year   he   fitted   one   of   his   most
  successful   models to   a   light   wagonette。 The   results   were so   satisfactory;
  that in 1888 he took out a patent for an internal… combustion engineas the
  motor engine is technically calledand the principle on which this engine
  was worked aroused great enthusiasm on the Continent。
  Soon a young French engineer; named Levassor; began to experiment
  with models of motor engines; and in 1889 he obtained; with others; the
  Daimler      rights   to  construct    similar   engines    in  France。    From    now    on;
  French engineers   began to   give  serious attention   to   the new  engine;  and
  soon great improvements were made in it。 All this time Britain held aloof
  from     the   motor…car;      indeed;    many     Britons    scoffed    at   the   idea   of
  mechanically…propelled vehicles; saying that the time and money required
  for their development would be wasted。
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  During      the   years    1888…1900      strange     reports   of   smooth…moving;
  horseless   cars;   frequently   appearing   in   public   in   France;   began   to   reach
  Britain; and people wondered if the French had stolen a march on us; and
  if   there  were   anything  in   the  new  invention   after   all。  Our  engineers   had
  just begun to grasp the immense possibilities of Daimler's engine; but the
  Government gave them no encouragement。
  At   length   the   Hon。   Evelyn   Ellis;   one   of   the   first   British   motorists;
  introduced   the   〃horseless   carriage〃   into   this   country;   and   the   following
  account      of  his  early   trips;  which     appeared     in  the  Windsor      and   Eton
  Express of 27th July; 1895; may be interesting。
  〃If anyone cares to run over to Datchet; they will see the Hon。 Evelyn
  Ellis; of Rosenau; careering round the roads; up hill and down dale; and
  without     danger     to  life  or  limb;   in  his  new    motor    carriage;    which    he
  brought over a short time ago from Paris。
  〃In appearance it is not unlike a four…wheeled dog…cart; except that the
  front part has a hood for use on long 〃driving〃 tours; in the event of wet
  weather;   it   will   accommodate   four   persons;   one   of   whom;   on   the   seat
  behind; would; of course; be the 'groom'; a misnomer; perhaps; for carriage
  attendant。 Under the front seat are receptacles; one for tools with which to
  repair damages; in the event of a breakdown on the road; and the other for
  a store of oil; petroleum; or naphtha in cans; from which to replenish the
  oil tank of the carriage on the journey; if it be a long one。
  〃Can it be easily driven? We cannot say that such a vehicle would be
  suitable for a lady; unless rubber…tyred wheels and other improvements are
  made to the carriage; for a grim grip of the steering handle and a keen eye
  are   necessary   for   its   safe   guidance;   more   especially   if   the   high   road   be
  rough。 It never requires to be fed; and as it is; moreover; unsusceptible of
  fatigue;   it   is   obviously   the   sort   of   vehicle   that   should   soon   achieve   a
  widespread popularity in this country。
  〃It is a splendid hill climber; and; in fact; such a hill as that of Priest
  Hill (a pretty good test of its capabilities) shows that it climbs at a faster
  pace than a pedestrian can walk。
  〃A  trip   from   Rosenau   to   Old   Windsor;   to   the   entrance   of   Beaumont
  College; up Priest Hill; descending the steep; rough; and treacherous hill
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  on the opposite side by Woodside Farm; past the workhouse; through old
  Windsor; and back to Rosenau within an hour; amply demonstrated how
  perfectly     under   control    this  carriage    is;  while   the  sensation     of  being
  whirled rapidly along is decidedly pleasing。〃
  Another      pioneer    of  motorism      was    the   Hon。    C。  S。   Rolls;   whose
  untimely      death    at  Bournemouth        in   1910;    while    taking    part   in  the
  Bournemouth aviation meeting; was deeply deplored all over the country。
  Mr。   Rolls   made   a   tour   of   the   country   in   a   motor…car   in   1895;   with   the
  double   object   of   impressing   people   with   the   stupidity   of   the   law   with
  regard to   locomotion; and   of illustrating the practical   possibilities of  the
  motor。 You may know that Mr。 Rolls was the first man to fly across the
  Channel; and back again to Dover; without once alighting。
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  CHAPTER XXI The Internal…combustion
  Engine(Cont。)
  I suppose many of my readers are quite familiar with the working of a
  steam…engine。   Probably   you   have   owned   models   of   steam…engines   right
  from your earliest youth; and there are few boys who do not know how the
  railway engine works。
  But   though   you   may   be   quite   familiar   with   the   mechanism   of   this
  engine; it does not follow that you know how the petrol engine works; for
  the two are highly dissimilar。 It is well; therefore; that we include a short
  description of the internal…combustion engine such as is applied to motor…
  cars; for then we shall be able to understand the principles of the aeroplane
  engine。
  At present petrol is the chief fuel used for the motor engine。 Numerous
  experiments have been tried with other fuels; such as benzine; but petrol
  yields the best results。
  Petrol is distilled from oil which comes from wells bored deep down
  in   the   ground   in   Pennsylvania;   in   the   south   of   Russia;   in   Burma;   and
  elsewhere。   Also   it   is   distilled   in   Scotland   from   oil   shale;   from   which
  paraffin oil and wax and similar substances are produced。 When the oil is
  brought to the surface it contains many impurities; and in its native form is
  unsuitable for motor engines。 The crude oil is composed of a number of
  different kinds of oil; some being light and clear; others heavy and thick。
  To purify the oil it is placed in a large metal vessel or 〃still〃。 Steam is
  first passed over the oil in the still; and this changes the lightest of the oils
  into vapours。 These vapours are sent through a series of pipes surrounded
  with cold w