第 13 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9322
  the very foundation…stones of inventionif we may be allowed the figure
  of speechand Englishmen are proud; and rightly proud; to number within
  their ranks the original inventor of the heavier…than…air machine。
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  CHAPTER XVI The 〃Human Birds〃
  For   many   years   after   the   publication   of   Sir   George   Cayley's   articles
  and    lectures    on   aviation    very   little  was   done    in   the  way    of   aerial
  experiments。       True;   about   midway      through    the   nineteenth    century    two
  clever engineers; Henson and Stringfellow; built a model aeroplane after
  the   design   outlined   by   Sir   George;   but   though   their   model   was   not   of
  much practical value; a little more valuable experience was accumulated
  which   would   be   of   service   when   the  time   should   come;   in   other   words;
  when   the   motor   engine   should   arrive。   This   model   can   be   seen   at   the
  Victoria and Albert Museum; at South Kensington。
  A few years later Stringfellow designed a tiny steam…engine; which he
  fitted to an equally tiny  monoplane; and it is said that by its aid he was
  able to obtain a very short flight through the air。 As some recognition of
  his   enterprise    the   Aeronautical     Society;    which    was    founded    in  1866;
  awarded him a prize of L100 for his engine。
  The idea of   producing   a practical form  of   flying   machine   was never
  abandoned   entirely。   Here   and   there   experiments   continued   to   be   carried
  out;   and   certain   valuable   conclusions   were   arrived   at。   Many   advanced
  thinkers and writers of half a century ago set forth their opinions on the
  possibilities    of   human     flight。  Some     of  them;    like  Emerson;     not   only
  believed   that   flight   would   come;   but   also   stated   why   it   had   not   arrived。
  Thus Emerson; when writing on the subject of air navigation about fifty
  years ago; remarked: 〃We think the population is not yet quite fit for them;
  and     therefore     there   will   be    none。    Our    friend    suggests     so   many
  inconveniences from piracy out of the high air to orchards and lone houses;
  and also to high fliers; and the total inadequacy of the present system of
  defence; that we have not the heart to break the sleep of the great public by
  the repetition of these details。 When children come into the library we put
  the inkstand and the watch on the high shelf until they be a little older。〃
  About the year 1870 a young German engineer; named Otto Lilienthal;
  began some experiments with a motorless glider; which in course of time
  were to make him world…famed。 For nearly twenty years Lilienthal carried
  on his aerial research work in secrecy; and it was not until about the year
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  1890 that his experimental work was sufficiently advanced for him to give
  demonstrations in public。
  The   young   German   was   a   firm   believer   in   what   was   known   as   the
  〃soaring…plane〃 theory of flight。 From the picture here given we can get
  some idea of his curious machine。 It consisted of large wings; formed of
  thin osiers;  over   which  was   stretched light   fabric。 At the back   were   two
  horizontal rudders shaped somewhat like the long forked tail of a swallow;
  and   over   these   was   a   large   steering   rudder。   The   wings   were   arranged
  around the glider's body。 The whole apparatus weighed about 40 pounds。
  Lilienthal's flights; or glides; were made from the top of a specially…
  constructed   large   mound;   and   in   some   cases   from   the   summit   of   a   low
  tower。  The   〃birdman〃   would   stand   on   the   top   of   the   mound;   full   to   the
  wind; and run quickly forward with outstretched wings。 When he thought
  he had gained sufficient momentum he jumped into the air; and the wings
  of the glider bore him through the air to the base of the mound。
  To preserve the balance of his machinealways a most difficult feat
  he swung his legs and hips to one side or the other; as occasion required;
  and;   after   hundreds   of   glides   had   been   made;   he   became   so   skilful   in
  maintaining   the   equilibrium   of   his   machine   that   he   was   able   to   cover   a
  distance; downhill; of 300 yards。
  Later    on;   Lilienthal    abandoned      the   glider;  or   elementary     form    of
  monoplane; and adopted a system of superposed planes; corresponding to
  the   modern     biplane。   The   promising   career   of   this   clever   German        was
  brought to an untimely end in 1896; when; in attempting to glide from a
  height of about 80 yards; his apparatus made a sudden downward swoop;
  and he broke his neck。
  Now      that   Lillenthal's    experiments       had    proved     conclusively      the
  efficiency     of   wings;    or  planes;    as  carrying     surfaces;   other    engineers
  followed in his footsteps; and tried to improve on his good work。 The first
  〃birdman〃   to   use   a   glider   in   this   country   was   Mr。   Percy   Pilcher   who
  carried out his experiments at Cardross in Scotland。 His glides were at first
  made with a form of apparatus very similar to that employed by Lilienthal;
  and    in  time    he  came    to   use  much     larger   machines。     So   cumbersome;
  however; was his apparatusit weighed nearly 4 stonesthat with such a
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  great weight upon his shoulders he could not run forward quickly enough
  to gain sufficient momentum to 〃carry off〃 from the hillside。 To assist him
  in launching   the   apparatus   the   machine   was   towed   by  horses;  and   when
  sufficient impetus had been gained the tow…rope was cast off。
  Three years after Lilienthal's death Pilcher met with a similar accident。
  While   making      a   flight   his   glider   was   overturned;   and   the  unfortunate
  〃birdman 〃 was dashed to death。
  In America there were at this time two or three 〃human birds〃; one of
  the   most   famous    being   M。   Octave   Chanute。    During    the  years    1895…7
  Chanute made many flights in various types of gliding machines; some of
  which had as many as half a dozen planes arranged one above another。 His
  best    results;   however;     were    obtained    by   the   two…plane     machine;
  resembling to a remarkable extent the modern biplane。
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  CHAPTER XVII The Aeroplane and the Bird
  We have seen that the inventors of flying machines in the early days of
  aviation modelled their various craft somewhat in the form of a bird; and
  that   many   of   them   believed   that   if   the   conquest   of   the   air   was   to   be
  achieved man must copy nature and provide himself with wings。
  Let us closely examine a modern monoplane and discover in what way
  it resembles the body of a bird in build。
  First; there is the long and comparatively narrow body; or FUSELAGE;
  at   the   end   of   which   is   the   rudder;   corresponding   to   the   bird's   tail。   The
  chassis; or under carriage; consisting of wheels; skids; &c。; may well be
  compared   with   the   legs   of   a   bird;   and   the   planes   are   very   similar   in
  construction      to  the   bird's  wings。    But    here   the  resemblance       ends:   the
  aeroplane does not fly; nor will it ever fly; as a bird flies。
  If we carefully inspect the wing of a birdsay a large bird; such as the
  crowwe   shall   find   it   curved   or   arched   from   front   to   back。   This   curve;
  however; is somewhat irregular。 At the front edge of the wing it is sharpest;
  and there is a gradual dip or slope backwards and downwards。 There is a
  special reason for this peculiar structure; as we shall see in a later chapter。
  Now     it  is  quite   evident     that  the   inventors     of  aeroplanes      have
  modelled the planes of their craft on the bird's wing。 Strictly speaking; the
  word 〃plane〃 is a misnomer when applied to the supporting structure of an
  aeroplane。 Euclid defines a plane; or a plane surface; as one in which; any
  two points being taken; the straight line between them lies wholly in that
  surface。 But the plane of a flying machine is curved; or CAMBERED; and
  if one point were taken on the front of t