第 6 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9321
  pulled through the air much after the manner of an aeroplane。
  In the autumn of 1903 great enthusiasm was aroused in London by the
  announcement   that   Mr。   Spencer   proposed   to   fly  from  the   Crystal   Palace
  round the dome of St。 Paul's Cathedral and back to his starting…place。 This
  was   a   much   longer   journey   than   that   made   by   Santos…Dumont   when   he
  won the Deutsch prize。
  Tens of thousands of London's citizens turned out to witness the novel
  sight of a giant air…ship hovering over the heart of their city; and it was at
  once   seen   what   enormous   possibilities   there   were   in   the   employment   of
  such craft in time of war。 The writer remembers well moving among the
  dense crowds and hearing everywhere such remarks as these:
  〃What would happen if a few bombs were thrown over the side of the
  air…ship?〃   〃Will   there   be   air…fleets   in   future;   manned   by   the   soldiers   or
  sailors?〃 Indeed the uppermost thought in people's minds was not so much
  the    possibility    of  Mr。    Spencer     being    able   to  complete      his  journey
  successfullynearly   everyone   recognized   that   air…ship   construction   had
  now advanced so far that it was only a matter of time for an ideal craft to
  be    builtbut   that  the   coming     of  the   air…ship   was   an   affair  of   grave
  international importance。
  The great craft; glistening in the sunlight; sailed majestically from the
  south; but when it reached the Cathedral it refused to turn round and face
  the wind。 Try how he might; Mr。 Spencer could not make any progress。 It
  was a thrilling sight to witness this battle with the elements; right over the
  heart of the largest city in the world。 At times the air…ship seemed to be
  standing quite still; head to wind。 Unfortunately; half a gale had sprung up;
  and the 24…horse…power engine was quite incapable of conquering so stiff
  a breeze; and making its way home again。 After several gallant attempts to
  circle round the dome; Mr。 Spencer gave up in despair; and let the monster
  air…ship drift   with the   wind   over the northern suburbs of   the   city  until   a
  favourable landing…place near Barnet was reached; where he descended。
  The   Spencer   air…ships   are   of   the   non…rigid   type。   Spencer   air…ship   A
  comprises a gas vessel for hydrogen 88 feet long and 24 feet in diameter;
  21
  … Page 22…
  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  with   a   capacity   of   26;000   cubic   feet。   The   framework   is   of   polished   ash
  wood;     made     in  sections   so   that  it  can  easily   be   taken   to  pieces    and
  transported;   and   the   length   over   all   is   56   feet。   Two   propellers   7   feet   6
  inches   diameter;   made   of   satin…wood;   are   employed   to   drive   the   craft;
  which is equipped with a Green engine of from 35 to 40 horse…power。
  Spencer's air…ship B is a much larger vessel; being 150 feet long and
  35 feet in diameter; with   a   capacity for   hydrogen   of 100;000   cubic   feet。
  The framework is of steel and aluminium; made in sections; with cars for
  ten persons; including aeronauts; mechanics; and passengers。 It is driven
  with two petrol aerial engines of from 50 to 60 horse…power。
  About the time that Mr。 Spencer was experimenting with his large air…
  ship; Dr。 Barton; of Beckenham; was forming plans for an even larger craft。
  This he laid down in the spacious grounds of the Alexandra Park; to the
  north of London。 An enormous shed was erected on the northern slopes of
  the   park;   but   visitors   to   the   Alexandra   Palace;   intent   on   a   peep   at   the
  monster      air…ship   under    construction;     were   sorely    disappointed;     as  the
  utmost secrecy in the building of the craft was maintained。
  The huge balloon was 43 feet in diameter and 176 feet long; with a gas
  capacity   of    235;000     cubic   feet。  To   maintain     the  external    form   of  the
  envelope a smaller balloon; or compensator; was placed inside the larger
  one。 The   framework   was of bamboo;  and   the   car was   attached by  about
  eighty wire…cables。 The wooden deck was about 123 feet in length。 Two
  50…horse…power engines drove four propellers; two of which were at either
  end。
  The inventor employed a  most ingenious contrivance to preserve the
  horizontal balance of the air…ship。 Fitted; one at each end of the carriage;
  were two 50…gallon tanks。 These tanks were connected with a long pipe; in
  the   centre   of   which   was   a   hand…pump。   When   the   bow   of   the   air…ship
  dipped; the   man   at   the   pump   could   transfer   some   of   the   water   from  the
  fore…tank to the after…tank; and the ship would right itself。 The water could
  similarly be transferred from the after…tank to the fore…tank when the stern
  of the craft pointed downwards。
  There were many reports; in the early months of 1905; that the air…ship
  was   going   to   be   brought   out   from   the   shed   for   its   trial   flights;   and   the
  22
  … Page 23…
  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  writer; in common with many other residents in the vicinity of the park;
  made   dozens   of   journeys   to   the   shed   in   the   expectation   of   seeing   the
  mighty      dirigible    sail   away。    But    for   months      we    were    doomed      to
  disappointment; something always seemed to go wrong at the last minute;
  and the flight had to be postponed。
  At last; in 1905; the first ascent took place。 It was unsuccessful。 The
  huge   balloon;   made   of   tussore   silk;   cruised   about   for   some   time;   then
  drifted away with the breeze; and came to grief in landing。
  A clever inventor of air…ships; a young Welshman; Mr。 E。 T。 Willows;
  designed in 1910; an air…ship in which he flew from Cardiff to London in
  the darka distance of 139 miles。 In the same craft he crossed the English
  Channel a little later。
  Mr。 Willows has a large shed in the London aerodrome at Hendon; and
  he   is   at   present   working   there   on   a   new   air…ship。   For   some   time   he   has
  been the only successful private builder of air…ships in Great Britain。 The
  Navy possess a small Willows air…ship。
  Messrs。      Vickers;    the   famous     builders     of   battleships;    are   giving
  attention   to   the   construction   of   air…ships   for   the   Navy;   in   their   works   at
  Walney   Island;   Barrow…in…Furness。   This   firm   has   erected   an   enormous
  shed; 540 feet long; 150 feet broad; and 98 feet high。 In this shed two of
  the largest air…ships can be built side by side。 Close at hand is an extensive
  factory for the production of hydrogen gas。
  At   each   end   of   the   roof   are   towers   from   which   the   difficult   task   of
  safely removing an air…ship from the shed can be directed。
  At the time of writing; the redoubtable DORA (Defence of the Realm
  Act) forbids any but the vaguest references to what is going forward in the
  way of additions to our air forces。 But it may be stated that air…ships are
  included in the great constructive programme now being carried out。 It is
  not long since the citizens of Glasgow were treated to the spectacle of a
  full…sized British 〃Zep〃 circling round the city prior to her journey south;
  and so to regions unspecified。 And use; too; is being found by the naval
  arm   for   that   curious   hybrid   the   〃Blimp〃;   which   may   be   described   as   a
  cross between an aeroplane and an air…ship。
  23
  … Page 24…
  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  CHAPTER VIII The First Attempts to Steer a
  Balloon
  For    nearly    a  century     after   the  invention      of  the   Montgolfier      and
  Charlier   balloons   there   was   not   much   progress   made   in   the   science   of
  aeronautics。 True; inventors such as Charles Green suggested and carried
  out new methods of inflating balloons; and scientific observations of great
  importance were made by balloonists both in Britain and on the Continent。
  But in the all…important work of steering the huge craft; progress was for
  many  years   practically  at   a standstill。 All   that   the balloonist   could   do in
  controlling his balloon was to make it ascend or descend at will; he could
  not   guide   its   direction   of   flight。   No   doubt   pioneers   of   aeronautics   early
  turned their attention to the problem of providing some apparatus; or some
  method;  of steering   their   craft。  One inventor suggested   the hoisting  of   a
  huge sail