第 4 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9319
  was   not   till   August   of   the   following   year   (1784)   that   the   first   balloon
  ascent was made in Great Britain; by Mr。 J。 M。 Tytler。 This took place at
  Edinburgh   in   a   fire   balloon。   Previous   to   this   an   Italian;   named   Lunardi;
  had in November; 1783; dispatched from the Artillery Ground; in London;
  a   small   balloon   made   of   oil…silk;   10   feet   in   diameter   and   weighing   11
  pounds。  This   small   craft   was   sent   aloft   at   one   o'clock;   and   came   down;
  about   two   and     a   half   hours   later;   in  Sussex;   about   48    miles   from   its
  starting…place。
  In   1784   the   largest   balloon   on   record   was   sent   up   from  Lyons。 This
  immense craft was more than 100 feet in diameter; and stood about 130
  feet    high。   It  was    inflated   with    hot   air  over   a  straw    fire;  and    seven
  passengers       were    carried;   including     Joseph    Montgolfier      and    Pilatre   de
  Rozier。
  But to return to de Rozier; whom we left earlier in the chapter; after his
  memorable ascent near Paris。 This daring Frenchman decided to cross the
  Channel; and to prevent the gas cooling; and the balloon falling into the
  sea; he hit on the idea of suspending a small fire balloon under the neck of
  another   balloon   inflated   with   hydrogen   gas。   In   the   light   of   our   modern
  knowledge of the highly…inflammable nature of hydrogen; we wonder how
  anyone could have attempted such an adventure; but there had been little
  experience       of   this  newly…discovered         gas   in   those   days。    We    are   not
  surprised to read that; when high in the air; there was an awful explosion
  and the brave aeronaut fell to the earth and was dashed to death。
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  CHAPTER IV The First Balloon Ascent in England
  It has been said that the honour of making the first ascent in a balloon
  from     British   soil  must    be   awarded     to  Mr。   Tytler。   This   took   place   in
  Scotland。  In this   chapter  we  will   relate  the  almost   romantic  story  of   the
  first ascent made in England。
  This was carried out successfully by Lunardi; the Italian of whom we
  have   previously   spoken。   This   young   foreigner;   who   was   engaged   as   a
  private     secretary    in  London;     had    his  interest   keenly    aroused     by   the
  accounts of the experiments being carried out in balloons in France; and
  he decided to attempt similar experiments in this country。
  But great difficulties stood in his way。 Like many other inventors and
  would…be   airmen;   he   suffered   from   lack   of   funds   to   build   his   craft;   and
  though   people   whom   he   approached   for   financial   aid   were   sympathetic;
  many   of     them   were    unwilling     to  subscribe    to  his   venture。   At   length;
  however;      by   indomitable     perseverance;      he   collected    enough    money     to
  defray the cost of building his balloon; and it was arranged that he should
  ascend from the Artillery Ground; London; in September; 1784。
  His craft was a 〃Charlier〃that is; it was modelled after the hydrogen…
  inflated balloon built by Professor Charlesand it resembled in shape an
  enormous pear。 A wide hoop encircled the neck of the envelope; and from
  this hoop the car was suspended by stout cordage。
  It is said that on the day announced for the ascent a crowd of nearly
  200;000   had   assembled;   and   that   the   Prince   of   Wales   was   an   interested
  spectator。   Farmers   and   labourers   and;   indeed;   all   classes   of   people   from
  the prince down to he humblest subject; were represented; and seldom had
  London's citizens been more deeply excited。
  Many      of   them;    however;      were    incredulous;     especially     when     an
  insufficiency   of     gas   caused    a  long   delay   before    the  balloon    could    be
  liberated。   Fate   seemed   to   be   thwarting   the   plucky   Italian   at   every   step。
  Even at the last minute; when all arrangements had been perfected as far
  as   was   humanly   possible;   and   the   crowd   was   agog   with   excitement;   it
  appeared probable that he would have to postpone the ascent。
  It   was   originally   intended   that   Lunardi   should   be   accompanied   by   a
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  passenger; but as there was a shortage of gas the balloon's lifting power
  was considerably lessened; and he had to take the trip with a dog and cat
  for   companions。 A  perfect   ascent   was   made;   and   in   a   few   moments   the
  huge     balloon     was    sailing    gracefully     in   a  northerly     direction    over
  innumerable housetops。
  This   trip   was   memorable   in   another   way。   It   was   probably   the   only
  aerial   cruise   where   a   Royal   Council   was   put   off   in   order   to   witness   the
  flight。   It   is   recorded   that   George   the   Third   was   in   conference   with   the
  Cabinet; and when news arrived in the Council Chamber that Lunardi was
  aloft; the king remarked: Gentlemen; we may resume our deliberations at
  pleasure; but we may never see poor Lunardi again!〃
  The   journey  was   uneventful;   there   was   a   moderate   northerly   breeze;
  and    the   aeronaut    attained    a  considerable      altitude;   so  that  he   and   his
  animals were in danger of frost…bite。 Indeed; one of the animals suffered
  so severely from the effects of the cold that Lunardi skilfully descended
  low enough to drop it safely to earth; and then; throwing out ballast; once
  more ascended。 He eventually came to earth near a Hertfordshire village
  about 30 miles to the north of London。
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  CHAPTER V The Father of British Aeronauts
  No account of the early history of English aeronautics could possibly
  be complete unless it included a description of the Nassau balloon; which
  was inflated by coal…gas; from the suggestion of Mr。 Charles Green; who
  was one of Britain's most famous aeronauts。 Because of his institution of
  the modern method of using coal…gas in a balloon; Mr。 Green is generally
  spoken   of   as   the   Father   of   British Aeronautics。   During   the   close   of   the
  eighteenth and the opening years of the nineteenth century there had been
  numerous       ascents    in  Charlier    balloons;    both   in  Britain    and   on   the
  Continent。  It   had   already  been   discovered   that   hydrogen   gas   was   highly
  dangerous       and   also   expensive;     and   Mr。   Green    proposed      to  try  the
  experiment of inflating a balloon with ordinary coal…gas; which had now
  become fairly common in most large towns; and was much less costly than
  hydrogen。
  Critics of the new scheme assured the promoters that coal…gas would
  be of little use for a balloon; averring that it had comparatively little lifting
  power;   and   aeronauts   could   never   expect   to   rise   to   any   great   altitude   in
  such   a   balloon。  But   Green   firmly  believed   that   his   theory  was   practical;
  and he put it to the test。 The initial experiments quite convinced him that
  he was right。 Under his superintendence a fine balloon about 80 feet high;
  built of silk; was made in South London; and the car was constructed to
  hold from fifteen to twenty passengers。 When the craft was completed it
  was proposed to send it to Paris for exhibition purposes; and the inventor;
  with two friends; Messrs。 Holland and Mason; decided to take it over the
  Channel by air。 It is said that provisions were taken in sufficient quantities
  to last a fortnight; and over a ton of ballast was shipped。
  The journey commenced in November; 1836; late in the afternoon; as
  the aeronauts had planned to cross the sea by night。 A fairly strong north…
  west wind quickly bore them to the coast; and in less than an hour they
  found themselves over the lights of Calais。 On and on they went; now and
  then entirely lost to Earth through being enveloped in dense fog; hour after
  hour   went   by;   until   at   length   dawn   revealed   a   densely…wooded   tract   of
  country with which   they were   entirely unfamiliar。 They  decided to land;
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  and they were greatly surprised to find that they had reached Weilburg; in
  Nassau;   Germany。   The   whole   journey   of   500   miles   had