第 3 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9320
  in league with Satan。
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  CHAPTER III The First Man to Ascend in a
  Balloon
  The safe descent of the three animals; which has already been related;
  showed the way for man to venture up in a balloon。 In our time we marvel
  at the daring   of modern airmen;  who ascend  to giddy heights;  and; as it
  were;     engage     in  mortal    combat     with    the   demons     of   the   air。  But;
  courageous though these deeds are; they are not more so than those of the
  pioneers of ballooning。
  In   the   eighteenth     century    nothing     was   known      definitely    of  the
  conditions of the upper regions of the air; where; indeed; no human being
  had ever been; and though the frail Montgolfier balloons had ascended and
  descended with no outward happenings; yet none could tell what might be
  the   risk   to   life   in   committing   oneself to   an   ascent。 There   was;  too;   very
  special   danger   in   making   an   ascent in   a   hot…air   balloon。   Underneath   the
  huge envelope was suspended a brazier; so that the fabric of the balloon
  was in great danger of catching fire。
  It was at first suggested that two French criminals under sentence of
  death should   be sent   up;  and; if they  made a  safe descent; then   the  way
  would      be   open    for  other   aeronauts     to   venture    aloft。  But    everyone
  interested in aeronautics in those days saw that the man who first traversed
  the   unexplored   regions   of   the   air   would   be   held   in   high   honour;   and   it
  seemed hardly right that this honour should fall to criminals。 At any rate
  this   was   the   view   of   M。   Pilatre   de   Rozier;   a   French   gentleman;   and   he
  determined himself to make the pioneer ascent。
  De Rozier had no false notion of the risks he was prepared to run; and
  he superintended with the greatest care the construction of his balloon。 It
  was of enormous size; with a cage slung underneath the brazier for heating
  the air。 Befors making his free ascent De Rozier made a trial ascent with
  the balloon held captive by a long rope。
  At    length;    in   November;       1783;    accompanied        by   the    Marquis
  d'Arlandes      as  a  passenger;    he   determined     to  venture。    The   experiment
  aroused   immense   excitement   all   over   France;   and   a   large   concourse   of
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  people were gathered together on the outskirts of Paris to witness the risky
  feat。 The balloon made a perfect ascent; and quickly reached a height of
  about   half   a   mile   above   sea…level。   A  strong   current   of   air   in   the   upper
  regions caused the balloon to take an opposite direction from that intended;
  and the aeronauts drifted right over Paris。 It would have gone hard with
  them   if   they   had   been   forced   to   descend   in   the   city;   but   the   craft   was
  driven by the wind to some distance beyond the suburbs and they alighted
  quite safely about six miles from their starting…point; after having been up
  in the air for about half an hour。
  Their voyage; however; had by no means been free from anxiety。 We
  are told that the fabric of the balloon repeatedly caught fire; which it took
  the aeronauts all their time to extinguish。 At times; too; they came down
  perilously near to the Seine; or to the housetops of Paris; but after the most
  exciting     half…hour    of   their  lives   they   found   themselves     once   more     on
  Mother Earth。
  Here we must make a slight digression and speak of the invention of
  the    hydrogen;     or  gas;   balloon。    In  a  previous    chapter    we   read    of  the
  discovery      of  hydrogen      gas   by   Henry    Cavendish;      and   the   subsequent
  experiments with this gas by Dr。 Black; of Glasgow。 It was soon decided
  to   try  to  inflate   a  balloon    with   this  〃inflammable       air〃as   the  newly…
  discovered      gas   was    calledand    with    this  end   in  view    a  large   public
  subscription was raised in France to meet the heavy expenses entailed in
  the    venture。   The    work    was    entrusted    to  a  French    scientist;   Professor
  Charles; and two brothers named Robert。
  It was quickly seen that paper; such as was used by the Montgolfiers;
  was of little use in the construction of a gas balloon; for the gas escaped。
  Accordingly the fabric was made of silk and varnished with a solution of
  india…rubber and turpentine。 The first hydrogen balloon was only about 13
  feet in diameter; for in those early days the method of preparing hydrogen
  was   very   laborious   and   costly;   and   the   constructors   thought   it   advisable
  not   to   spend   too   much   money   over   the   initial   experiments;   in   case   they
  should be a failure。
  In August;   1783an   eventful   year   in   the   history  of   aeronautics   the
  first   gas…inflated    balloon   was    sent   up;   of  course   unaccompanied         by   a
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  passenger。 It shot up high in the air much more rapidly than Montgolfier's
  hot…air balloon had done; and was soon beyond the clouds。 After a voyage
  of nearly an hour's duration it descended in a field some 15 miles away。
  We are told that some peasants at work near by fled in the greatest alarm at
  this strange monster which settled in their midst。 An old print shows them
  cautiously      approaching      the  balloon    as  it  lay  heaving     on   the  ground;
  stabbing it with pitchforks; and beating it with flails and sticks。 The story
  goes that one of the alarmed farmers poured a charge of shot into it with
  his   gun;   no   doubt   thinking   that   he   had   effectually   silenced   the   panting
  demon   contained   therein。   To   prevent   such   unseemly   occurrences   in   the
  future the  French   Government   found   it   necessary  to   warn   the  people   by
  proclamation   that   balloons   were   perfectly   harmless   objects;   and   that   the
  experiments would be repeated。
  We    now    have    two   aerial   craft  competing      for  popular    favour:    the
  Montgolfier   hot…air   balloon   and   the   〃Charlier〃   or   gas…inflated   balloon。
  About     four   months     after  the  first  trial  trip  of  the  latter  the  inventors
  decided to ascend in a specially…constructed hydrogen…inflated craft。 This
  balloon; which was 27 feet in diameter; contained nearly all the features of
  the modern balloon。 Thus there was a valve at the top by means of which
  the gas could be let out as desired; a cord net covered the whole fabric;
  and from the loop which it formed below the neck of the balloon a car was
  suspended; and in the car there was a quantity of ballast which could be
  cast overboard when necessary。
  It   may   be   imagined   that   this   new   method   of   aerial   navigation   had
  thoroughly aroused the excitability of the French nation; so that thousands
  of people were met together just outside Paris on the 17th December to see
  Professor Charles and his mechanic; Robelt; ascend in their new craft。 The
  ascent was successful in every way; the intrepid aeronauts; who carried a
  barometer; found that they had quickly reached an altitude of over a mile。
  After remaining aloft for nearly two hours they came down。 Professor
  Charles   decided   to   ascend   again;   this time   by  himself;   and   with   a   much
  lighter    load   the   balloon    rose   about    two    miles   above    sea…level。    The
  temperature at this height became very low; and M。 Charles was affected
  by violent pain in his right ear and jaw。 During the voyage he witnessed
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  the strange phenomenon of a double sunset; for; before the ascent; the sun
  had   set   behind   the   hills   overshadowing   the   valleys;   and   when   he   rose
  above the hill…tops he saw the sun again; and presently saw it set again。
  There is no doubt that the balloon would have risen several thousand feet
  higher; but the professor thought it would burst; and he opened the valve;
  eventually making a safe descent about 7 miles from his starting…place。
  England lagged behind her French neighbour's in balloon aeronautics
  much as she has recently done in aviationfor a considerable time; and;it
  was   not   till   August   of   the   following   year   (1784)   that   the   first   balloon