champion　is　goingNot　to　return。〃　＇1＇　＇
  But　let　them　once　be　brought　to　bay；　and　they　will　display　the
  courage　of　a　Chu　or　a　Kuei。
  ＇Chu　was　the　personal　name　of　Chuan　Chu；　a　native　of　the　Wu
  State　and　contemporary　with　Sun　Tzu　himself；　who　was　employed　by
  Kung…tzu　Kuang；　better　known　as　Ho　Lu　Wang；　to　assassinate　his
  sovereign　Wang　Liao　with　a　dagger　which　he　secreted　in　the　belly
  of　a　fish　served　up　at　a　banquet。　　He　succeeded　in　his　attempt；
  but　was　immediately　hacked　to　pieced　by　the　king's　bodyguard。
  This　was　in　515　B。C。　　The　other　hero　referred　to；　Ts‘ao　Kuei　　（or
  Ts‘ao　Mo）；　performed　the　exploit　which　has　made　his　name　famous
  166　years　earlier；　in　681　B。C。　　Lu　had　been　thrice　defeated　by
  Ch‘i；　　and　was　just　about　to　conclude　a　treaty　surrendering　a
  large　slice　of　territory；　when　Ts‘ao　Kuei　suddenly　seized　Huan
  Kung；　the　Duke　of　Ch‘i；　as　he　stood　on　the　altar　steps　and　held　a
  dagger　against　his　chest。　　None　of　the　duke's　retainers　dared　to
  move　　　a　muscle；　　and　Ts‘ao　Kuei　proceeded　to　demand　　　full
  restitution；　declaring　the　Lu　was　being　unjustly　treated　because
  she　was　a　smaller　and　a　weaker　state。　　Huan　Kung；　in　peril　of　his
  life；　was　obliged　to　consent；　whereupon　Ts‘ao　Kuei　flung　away　his
  dagger　　　and　quietly　resumed　his　place　amid　the　　　terrified
  assemblage　without　having　so　much　as　changed　color。　　As　was　to　be
  expected；　　the　Duke　wanted　afterwards　to　repudiate　the　bargain；
  but　his　wise　old　counselor　Kuan　Chung　pointed　out　to　him　the
  impolicy　of　breaking　his　word；　and　the　upshot　was　that　this　bold
  stroke　regained　for　Lu　the　whole　of　what　she　had　lost　in　three
  pitched　battles。＇
  29。　　The　skillful　tactician　may　be　likened　to　the　SHUAI…JAN。
  Now　the　SHUAI…JAN　is　a　snake　that　is　found　in　the　Ch‘ang
  mountains。
  ＇〃Shuai…jan〃　means　〃suddenly〃　or　〃rapidly；〃　and　the　snake　in
  question　was　doubtless　so　called　owing　to　the　rapidity　of　its
  movements。　　Through　this　passage；　the　term　in　the　Chinese　has　now
  come　to　be　used　in　the　sense　of　〃military　maneuvers。〃＇
  Strike　at　its　head；　and　you　will　be　attacked　by　its　tail；　　strike
  at　its　tail；　and　you　will　be　attacked　by　its　head；　strike　at　its
  middle；　and　you　will　be　attacked　by　head　and　tail　both。
  30。　　Asked　if　an　army　can　be　made　to　imitate　the　SHUAI…JAN；
  ＇That　is；　as　Mei　Yao…ch‘en　says；　〃Is　it　possible　to　make　the
  front　and　rear　of　an　army　each　swiftly　responsive　to　attack　on
  the　other；　　just　as　though　they　were　part　of　a　single　living
  body？〃＇
  I　should　answer；　Yes。　　For　the　men　of　Wu　and　the　men　of　Yueh　are
  enemies；
  ＇Cf。　VI。　ss。　21。＇
  yet　if　they　are　crossing　a　river　in　the　same　boat　and　are　caught
  by　a　storm；　they　will　come　to　each　other's　assistance　just　as　the
  left　hand　helps　the　right。
  ＇The　meaning　is：　　If　two　enemies　will　help　each　other　in　a
  time　of　common　peril；　how　much　more　should　two　parts　of　the　same
  army；　　bound　together　as　they　are　by　every　tie　of　interest　and
  fellow…feeling。　　Yet　it　is　notorious　that　many　a　campaign　has
  been　ruined　through　lack　of　cooperation；　especially　in　the　case
  of　allied　armies。＇
  31。　　Hence　it　is　not　enough　to　put　one's　trust　in　the
  tethering　of　horses；　and　the　burying　of　chariot　wheels　in　the
  ground
  ＇These　quaint　devices　to　prevent　one's　army　from　running
  away　recall　the　Athenian　hero　Sophanes；　who　carried　the　anchor
  with　him　at　the　battle　of　Plataea；　by　means　of　which　he　fastened
  himself　firmly　to　one　spot。　　＇See　Herodotus；　IX。　74。＇　　It　is　not
  enough；　　says　Sun　Tzu；　　to　render　flight　impossible　by　such
  mechanical　means。　　You　will　not　succeed　unless　your　men　have
  tenacity　and　unity　of　purpose；　and；　above　all；　　a　spirit　of
  sympathetic　cooperation。　　This　is　the　lesson　which　can　be　learned
  from　the　SHUAI…JAN。＇
  32。　　The　principle　on　which　to　manage　an　army　is　to　set　up
  one　standard　of　courage　which　all　must　reach。
  ＇Literally；　　〃level　the　courage　＇of　all＇　as　though　＇it　were
  that　of＇　　one。〃　　If　the　ideal　army　is　to　form　a　single　organic
  whole；　　then　it　follows　that　the　resolution　and　spirit　of　its
  component　parts　must　be　of　the　same　quality；　or　at　any　rate　must
  not　fall　below　a　certain　standard。　　Wellington's　seemingly
  ungrateful　description　of　his　army　at　Waterloo　as　〃the　worst　he
  had　ever　commanded〃　meant　no　more　than　that　it　was　deficient　in
  this　important　particularunity　of　spirit　and　courage。　　Had　he
  not　foreseen　the　Belgian　defections　and　carefully　kept　those
  troops　in　the　background；　he　would　almost　certainly　have　lost　the
  day。＇
  33。　　How　to　make　the　best　of　both　strong　and　weakthat　is　a
  question　involving　the　proper　use　of　ground。
  ＇Mei　Yao…ch‘en's　paraphrase　is：　　〃The　way　to　eliminate　the
  differences　of　strong　and　weak　and　to　make　both　serviceable　is　to
  utilize　accidental　features　of　the　ground。〃　　　Less　reliable
  troops；　　if　posted　in　strong　positions；　will　hold　out　as　long　as
  better　troops　on　more　exposed　terrain。　　The　advantage　of　position
  neutralizes　the　inferiority　in　stamina　and　courage。　　　Col。
  Henderson　says：　　〃With　all　respect　to　the　text　books；　and　to　the
  ordinary　tactical　teaching；　I　am　inclined　to　think　that　the　study
  of　ground　is　often　overlooked；　and　that　by　no　means　sufficient
  importance　is　attached　to　the　selection　of　positions。。。　　and　to
  the　immense　advantages　that　are　to　be　derived；　whether　you　are
  defending　or　attacking；　from　the　proper　utilization　of　natural
  features。〃　＇2＇　＇
  34。　　Thus　the　skillful　general　conducts　his　army　just　as
  though　he　were　leading　a　single　man；　willy…nilly；　by　the　hand。
  ＇Tu　Mu　says：　　〃The　simile　has　reference　to　the　ease　with
  which　he　does　it。〃＇
  35。　　It　is　the　business　of　a　general　to　be　quiet　and　thus
  ensure　secrecy；　upright　and　just；　and　thus　maintain　order。
  36。　　He　must　be　able　to　mystify　his　officers　and　men　by
  false　reports　and　appearances；
  ＇Literally；　〃to　deceive　their　eyes　and　ears。〃＇
  and　thus　keep　them　in　total　ignorance。
  ＇Ts‘ao　Kung　gives　us　one　of　his　excellent　apophthegms：　　〃The
  troops　must　not　be　allowed　to　share　your　schemes　in　the
  beginning；　　they　may　only　rejoice　with　you　over　their　happy
  outcome。〃　　〃To　mystify；　mislead；　and　surprise　the　enemy；〃　is　one
  of　the　first　principles　in　war；　as　had　been　frequently　pointed
  out。　　But　how　about　the　other　processthe　mystification　of　one's
  own　men？　　Those　who　may　think　that　Sun　Tzu　is　over…emphatic　on
  this　point　would　do　well　to　read　Col。　　Henderson's　remarks　on
  Stonewall　Jackson's　Valley　campaign：　　〃The　infinite　pains；〃　　he
  says；　　〃with　which　Jackson　sought　to　conceal；　even　from　his　most
  trusted　staff　officers；　his　movements；　his　intentions；　　and　his
  thoughts；　　a　commander　less　thorough　would　have　　　pronounced
  useless〃etc。　　etc。　＇3＇　　In　the　year　88　A。D。；　as　we　read　in　ch。
  47　of　the　HOU　HAN　SHU；　〃Pan　Ch‘ao　took　the　field　with　25；000　men
  from　Khotan　and　other　Central　Asian　states　with　the　object　of
  crushing　Yarkand。　　The　King　of　Kutcha　replied　by　dispatching　his
  chief　commander　to　succor　the　place　with　an　army　drawn　from　the
  kingdoms　of　Wen…su；　Ku…mo；　and　Wei…t‘ou；　totaling　50；000　men。
  Pan　Ch‘ao　summoned　his　officers　and　also　the　King　of　Khotan　to　a
  council　of　war；　and　said：　　'Our　forces　are　now　outnumbered　and
  unable　to　make　head　against　the　enemy。　　The　best　plan；　then；　　is
  for　us　to　separate　and　disperse；　each　in　a　different　direction。
  The　King　of　Khotan　will　march　away　by　the　easterly　route；　and　I
  will　then　return　myself　towards　the　west。　　Let　us　wait　until　the
  evening　drum　has　sounded　and　then　start。'　　Pan　Ch‘ao　now　secretly
  released　the　prisoners　whom　he　had　taken　alive；　and　the　King　of
  Kutcha　was　thus　informed　of　his　plans。　　Much　elated　by　the　news；
  the　latter　set　off　at　once　at　the　head　of　10；000　horsemen　to　bar
  Pan　Ch‘ao's　retreat　in　the　west；　while　the　King　of　Wen…su　rode
  eastward　with　8000　horse　in　order　to　intercept　the　King　of
  Khotan。　　As　soon　as　Pan　Ch‘ao　knew　that　the　two　chieftains　had
  gone；　　he　called　his　divisions　together；　got　them　well　in　hand；
  and　at　cock…crow　hurled　them　against　the　army　of　Yarkand；　as　it
  lay　encamped。　　The　barbarians；　panic…stricken；　fled　in　confusion；
  and　were　closely　pursued　by　Pan　Ch‘ao。　　Over　5000　heads　were
  brought　back　as　trophies；　besides　immense　spoils　in　the　shape　of
  horses　and　cattle　and　valuables　of　every　description。　　Yarkand
  then　capitulating；　Kutcha　and　the　other　kingdoms　drew　off　their
  respective　forces。　　From　that　time　forward；　Pan　Ch‘ao's　prestige
  completely　overawed　the　countries　of　the　west。〃　　In　this　case；　we
  see　that　the　Chinese　general　not　only　kept　his　own　officers　in
  ignorance　of　his　real　plans；　but　actually　took　the　bold　step　of
  dividing　his　army　in　order　to　deceive　the　enemy。＇
  37。　　By　altering　his　arrangements　and　changing　his　plans；
  ＇Wang　Hsi　thinks　t