9。　　Should　the　army　forestall　you　in　occupying　a　pass；　　do
  not　go　after　him　if　the　pass　is　fully　garrisoned；　but　only　if　it
  is　weakly　garrisoned。
  10。　　With　regard　to　PRECIPITOUS　HEIGHTS；　　if　you　　　are
  beforehand　with　your　adversary；　you　should　occupy　the　raised　and
  sunny　spots；　and　there　wait　for　him　to　come　up。
  ＇Ts‘ao　Kung　says：　　〃The　particular　advantage　of　securing
  heights　and　defiles　is　that　your　actions　cannot　then　be　dictated
  by　the　enemy。〃　　　＇For　the　enunciation　of　the　grand　principle
  alluded　to；　　see　VI。　　ss。　2＇。　　Chang　Yu　tells　the　following
  anecdote　of　P‘ei　Hsing…chien　（A。D。　619…682）；　who　was　sent　on　a
  punitive　expedition　against　the　Turkic　tribes。　　〃At　night　he
  pitched　his　camp　as　usual；　and　it　had　already　been　completely
  fortified　by　wall　and　ditch；　when　suddenly　he　gave　orders　that
  the　army　should　shift　its　quarters　to　a　hill　near　by。　　This　was
  highly　displeasing　to　his　officers；　who　protested　loudly　against
  the　extra　fatigue　which　it　would　entail　on　the　men。　　P‘ei　Hsing…
  chien；　　however；　paid　no　heed　to　their　remonstrances　and　had　the
  camp　moved　as　quickly　as　possible。　　The　same　night；　　a　terrific
  storm　came　on；　which　flooded　their　former　place　of　encampment　to
  the　depth　of　over　twelve　feet。　　The　recalcitrant　officers　were
  amazed　at　the　sight；　and　owned　that　they　had　been　in　the　wrong。
  'How　did　you　know　what　was　going　to　happen？'　they　asked。　　P‘ei
  Hsing…chien　replied：　　'From　this　time　forward　be　content　to　obey
  orders　without　asking　unnecessary　questions。'　　From　this　it　may
  be　seen；〃　　Chang　Yu　continues；　〃that　high　and　sunny　places　are
  advantageous　not　only　for　fighting；　but　also　because　they　are
  immune　from　disastrous　floods。〃＇
  11。　　If　the　enemy　has　occupied　them　before　you；　　do　not
  follow　him；　but　retreat　and　try　to　entice　him　away。
  ＇The　turning　point　of　Li　Shih…min's　campaign　in　621　A。D。
  against　the　two　rebels；　Tou　Chien…te；　King　of　Hsia；　　and　Wang
  Shih…ch‘ung；　　Prince　of　Cheng；　was　his　seizure　of　the　heights　of
  Wu…lao；　　in　spike　of　which　Tou　Chien…te　persisted　in　his　attempt
  to　relieve　his　ally　in　Lo…yang；　was　defeated　and　taken　prisoner。
  See　CHIU　T‘ANG；　ch。　2；　fol。　5　verso；　and　also　ch。　54。＇
  12。　　If　you　are　situated　at　a　great　distance　from　the　enemy；
  and　the　strength　of　the　two　armies　is　equal；　it　is　not　easy　to
  provoke　a　battle；
  ＇The　point　is　that　we　must　not　think　of　undertaking　a　long
  and　wearisome　march；　at　the　end　of　which；　as　Tu　Yu　says；　　〃we
  should　be　exhausted　and　our　adversary　fresh　and　keen。〃＇
  and　fighting　will　be　to　your　disadvantage。
  13。　　These　six　are　the　principles　connected　with　Earth。
  ＇Or　perhaps；　　〃the　principles　relating　to　ground。〃　　　See；
  however；　I。　ss。　8。＇
  The　general　who　has　attained　a　responsible　post　must　be　careful
  to　study　them。
  14。　　Now　an　army　is　exposed　to　six　several　calamities；　　not
  arising　from　natural　causes；　but　from　faults　for　which　the
  general　　　is　　　responsible。　　　These　are：　　　　（1）　　　Flight；　　　（2）
  insubordination；　（3）　collapse；　（4）　ruin；　（5）　disorganization；　（6）
  rout。
  15。　　Other　conditions　being　equal；　if　one　force　is　hurled
  against　another　ten　times　its　size；　the　result　will　be　the　FLIGHT
  of　the　former。
  16。　　When　the　common　soldiers　are　too　strong　and　their
  officers　too　weak；　the　result　is　INSUBORDINATION。
  ＇Tu　Mu　cites　the　unhappy　case　of　T‘ien　Pu　＇HSIN　T‘ANG　SHU；
  ch。　148＇；　who　was　sent　to　Wei　in　821　A。D。　with　orders　to　lead　an
  army　against　Wang　T‘ing…ts‘ou。　　But　the　whole　time　he　was　in
  command；　　his　soldiers　treated　him　with　the　utmost　contempt；　　and
  openly　flouted　his　authority　by　riding　about　the　camp　on　donkeys；
  several　thousands　at　a　time。　　T‘ien　Pu　was　powerless　to　put　a
  stop　to　this　conduct；　and　when；　after　some　months　had　passed；　　he
  made　an　attempt　to　engage　the　enemy；　his　troops　turned　tail　and
  dispersed　in　every　direction。　　After　that；　the　unfortunate　man
  committed　suicide　by　cutting　his　throat。＇
  When　the　officers　are　too　strong　and　the　common　soldiers　too
  weak；　the　result　is　COLLAPSE。
  ＇Ts‘ao　Kung　says：　　〃The　officers　are　energetic　and　want　to
  press　on；　the　common　soldiers　are　feeble　and　suddenly　collapse。〃＇
  17。　　When　the　higher　officers　are　angry　and　insubordinate；
  and　on　meeting　the　enemy　give　battle　on　their　own　account　from　a
  feeling　of　resentment；　before　the　commander…in…chief　can　tell
  whether　or　no　he　is　in　a　position　to　fight；　the　result　is　RUIN。
  ＇Wang　Hsi‘s　note　is：　　〃This　means；　the　general　is　angry
  without　cause；　　and　at　the　same　time　does　not　appreciate　the
  ability　of　his　subordinate　officers；　thus　he　arouses　fierce
  resentment　and　brings　an　avalanche　of　ruin　upon　his　head。〃＇
  18。　　When　the　general　is　weak　and　without　authority；　　when
  his　orders　are　not　clear　and　distinct；
  ＇Wei　Liao　Tzu　（ch。　4）　says：　　〃If　the　commander　gives　his
  orders　with　decision；　the　soldiers　will　not　wait　to　hear　them
  twice；　　if　his　moves　are　made　without　vacillation；　　the　soldiers
  will　not　be　in　two　minds　about　doing　their　duty。〃　　General　Baden…
  Powell　says；　　italicizing　the　words：　　〃The　secret　of　getting
  successful　work　out　of　your　trained　men　lies　in　one　nutshellin
  the　clearness　of　the　instructions　they　receive。〃　　＇3＇　　Cf。　　also
  Wu　Tzu　ch。　3：　　〃the　most　fatal　defect　in　a　military　leader　is
  difference；　　the　worst　calamities　that　befall　an　army　arise　from
  hesitation。〃＇
  when　there　are　no　fixes　duties　assigned　to　officers　and　men；
  ＇Tu　Mu　says：　　〃Neither　officers　nor　men　have　any　regular
  routine。〃＇
  and　the　ranks　are　formed　in　a　slovenly　haphazard　manner；　　the
  result　is　utter　DISORGANIZATION。
  19。　　When　a　general；　　unable　to　estimate　the　　　enemy's
  strength；　　allows　an　inferior　force　to　engage　a　larger　one；　　or
  hurls　a　weak　detachment　against　a　powerful　one；　and　neglects　to
  place　picked　soldiers　in　the　front　rank；　the　result　must　be　ROUT。
  ＇Chang　Yu　paraphrases　the　latter　part　of　the　sentence　and
  continues：　　　〃Whenever　there　is　fighting　to　be　done；　the　keenest
  spirits　should　be　appointed　to　serve　in　the　front　ranks；　both　in
  order　to　strengthen　the　resolution　of　our　own　men　and　to
  demoralize　the　enemy。〃　　Cf。　the　primi　ordines　of　Caesar　　（〃De
  Bello　Gallico；〃　V。　28；　44；　et　al。）。＇
  20。　　These　are　six　ways　of　courting　defeat；　which　must　be
  carefully　noted　by　the　general　who　has　attained　a　responsible
  post。
  ＇See　supra；　ss。　13。＇
  21。　　The　natural　formation　of　the　country　is　the　soldier's
  best　ally；
  ＇Ch‘en　Hao　says：　　〃The　advantages　of　weather　and　season　are
  not　equal　to　those　connected　with　ground。〃＇
  but　a　power　of　estimating　the　adversary；　　of　controlling　the
  forces　of　victory；　and　of　shrewdly　calculating　difficulties；
  dangers　and　distances；　constitutes　the　test　of　a　great　general。
  22。　　He　who　knows　these　things；　and　in　fighting　puts　his
  knowledge　into　practice；　will　win　his　battles。　　He　who　knows　them
  not；　nor　practices　them；　will　surely　be　defeated。
  23。　　If　fighting　is　sure　to　result　in　victory；　then　you　must
  fight；　　even　though　the　ruler　forbid　it；　if　fighting　will　not
  result　in　victory；　then　you　must　not　fight　even　at　the　ruler's
  bidding。
  ＇Cf。　VIII。　ss。　3　fin。　　Huang　Shih…kung　of　the　Ch‘in　dynasty；
  who　is　said　to　have　been　the　patron　of　Chang　Liang　and　to　have
  written　the　SAN　LUEH；　has　these　words　attributed　to　him：　　　〃The
  responsibility　of　setting　an　army　in　motion　must　devolve　on　the
  general　alone；　　if　advance　and　retreat　are　controlled　from　the
  Palace；　　brilliant　results　will　hardly　be　achieved。　　Hence　the
  god…like　ruler　and　the　enlightened　monarch　are　content　to　play　a
  humble　part　in　furthering　their　country's　cause　＇lit。；　kneel　down
  to　push　the　chariot　wheel＇。〃　　This　means　that　〃in　matters　lying
  outside　the　zenana；　the　decision　of　the　military　commander　must
  be　absolute。〃　　Chang　Yu　also　quote　the　saying：　　〃Decrees　from　the
  Son　of　Heaven　do　not　penetrate　the　walls　of　a　camp。〃＇
  24。　　The　general　who　advances　without　coveting　fame　and
  retreats　without　fearing　disgrace；
  ＇It　was　Wellington；　I　think；　who　said　that　the　hardest　thing
  of　all　for　a　soldier　is　to　retreat。＇
  whose　only　thought　is　to　protect　his　country　and　do　good　service
  for　his　sovereign；　is　the　jewel　of　the　kingdom。
  ＇A　noble　presentiment；　in　few　words；　of　the　Chinese　　〃happy
  warrior。〃　　　Such　a　man；　says　Ho　Shih；　〃even　if　he　had　to　suffer
  punishment；　would　not　regret　his　conduct。〃＇
  25。　　Regard　your　soldiers　as　your　children；　and　they　will
  follow　you　into　the　deepest　valleys；　look　upon　them　as　your　own
  beloved　sons；　and　they　will　stand　by　you　even　unto　death。
  ＇Cf。　　I。　ss。　6。　　In　this　connection；　Tu　Mu　draws　for　us　an
  engaging　picture　of　the　famous　general　Wu　Ch‘i；　　from　whose
  treatise　on　war　I　hav