＇〃High　and　sharp；〃　　or　rising　to　a　peak；　　is　of　course
  somewhat　exaggerated　as　applied　to　dust。　　The　commentators
  explain　the　phenomenon　by　saying　that　horses　and　chariots；　　being
  heavier　than　men；　raise　more　dust；　and　also　follow　one　another　in
  the　same　wheel…track；　whereas　foot…soldiers　would　be　marching　in
  ranks；　　many　abreast。　　According　to　Chang　Yu；　〃every　army　on　the
  march　must　have　scouts　some　way　in　advance；　who　on　sighting　dust
  raised　by　the　enemy；　will　gallop　back　and　report　it　to　the
  commander…in…chief。〃　　Cf。　Gen。　Baden…Powell：　　〃As　you　move　along；
  say；　　in　a　hostile　country；　your　eyes　should　be　looking　afar　for
  the　enemy　or　any　signs　of　him：　　figures；　　dust　rising；　　birds
  getting　up；　glitter　of　arms；　etc。〃　＇1＇　＇
  When　it　branches　out　in　different　directions；　　it　shows　that
  parties　have　been　sent　to　collect　firewood。　　A　few　clouds　of　dust
  moving　to　and　fro　signify　that　the　army　is　encamping。
  ＇Chang　Yu　says：　　　〃In　apportioning　the　defenses　for　a
  cantonment；　　light　horse　will　be　sent　out　to　survey　the　position
  and　　　ascertain　the　weak　and　strong　points　all　along　　　its
  circumference。　　Hence　the　small　quantity　of　dust　and　　　its
  motion。〃＇
  24。　　Humble　words　and　increased　preparations　are　signs　that
  the　enemy　is　about　to　advance。
  ＇〃As　though　they　stood　in　great　fear　of　us；〃　says　Tu　Mu。
  〃Their　object　is　to　make　us　contemptuous　and　careless；　　after
  which　they　will　attack　us。〃　　Chang　Yu　alludes　to　the　story　of
  T‘ien　Tan　of　the　Ch‘i…mo　against　the　Yen　forces；　　led　by　Ch‘i
  Chieh。　　In　ch。　82　of　the　SHIH　CHI　we　read：　　〃T‘ien　Tan　openly
  said：　　　'My　only　fear　is　that　the　Yen　army　may　cut　off　the　noses
  of　their　Ch‘i　prisoners　and　place　them　in　the　front　rank　to　fight
  against　us；　that　would　be　the　undoing　of　our　city。'　　　The　other
  side　being　informed　of　this　speech；　　at　once　acted　on　the
  suggestion；　　but　those　within　the　city　were　enraged　at　seeing
  their　fellow…countrymen　thus　mutilated；　and　fearing　only　lest
  they　should　fall　into　the　enemy's　hands；　were　nerved　to　defend
  themselves　more　obstinately　than　ever。　　Once　again　T‘ien　Tan　sent
  back　converted　spies　who　reported　these　words　to　the　enemy：
  〃What　I　dread　most　is　that　the　men　of　Yen　may　dig　up　the
  ancestral　tombs　outside　the　town；　　and　by　inflicting　　　this
  indignity　on　our　forefathers　cause　us　to　become　faint…hearted。'
  Forthwith　the　besiegers　dug　up　all　the　graves　and　burned　the
  corpses　lying　in　them。　　And　the　inhabitants　of　Chi…mo；　witnessing
  the　outrage　from　the　city…walls；　wept　passionately　and　were　all
  impatient　to　go　out　and　fight；　　their　fury　being　increased
  tenfold。　　T‘ien　Tan　knew　then　that　his　soldiers　were　ready　for
  any　enterprise。　　But　instead　of　a　sword；　　　he　himself　too　a
  mattock　in　his　hands；　and　ordered　others　to　be　distributed
  amongst　his　best　warriors；　while　the　ranks　were　filled　up　with
  their　wives　and　concubines。　　He　then　served　out　all　the　remaining
  rations　and　bade　his　men　eat　their　fill。　　The　regular　soldiers
  were　told　to　keep　out　of　sight；　and　the　walls　were　manned　with
  the　old　and　weaker　men　and　with　women。　　This　done；　　envoys　were
  dispatched　to　the　enemy's　camp　to　arrange　terms　of　surrender；
  whereupon　the　Yen　army　began　shouting　for　joy。　　T‘ien　Tan　also
  collected　20；000　ounces　of　silver　from　the　people；　and　got　the
  wealthy　citizens　of　Chi…mo　to　send　it　to　the　Yen　general　with　the
  prayer　that；　　when　the　town　capitulated；　he　would　allow　their
  homes　to　be　plundered　or　their　women　to　be　maltreated。　　Ch‘i
  Chieh；　in　high　good　humor；　granted　their　prayer；　but　his　army　now
  became　increasingly　slack　and　careless。　　Meanwhile；　T‘ien　Tan　got
  together　a　thousand　oxen；　decked　them　with　pieces　of　red　silk；
  painted　their　bodies；　dragon…like；　with　colored　stripes；　　and
  fastened　sharp　blades　on　their　horns　and　well…greased　rushes　on
  their　tails。　　When　night　came　on；　he　lighted　the　ends　of　the
  rushes；　and　drove　the　oxen　through　a　number　of　holes　which　he　had
  pierced　in　the　walls；　backing　them　up　with　a　force　of　5000　picked
  warriors。　　The　animals；　maddened　with　pain；　　　dashed　furiously
  into　the　enemy's　camp　where　they　caused　the　utmost　confusion　and
  dismay；　for　their　tails　acted　as　torches；　showing　up　the　hideous
  pattern　on　their　bodies；　and　the　weapons　on　their　horns　killed　or
  wounded　any　with　whom　they　came　into　contact。　　In　the　meantime；
  the　band　of　5000　had　crept　up　with　gags　in　their　mouths；　and　now
  threw　themselves　on　the　enemy。　　At　the　same　moment　a　frightful
  din　arose　in　the　city　itself；　all　those　that　remained　behind
  making　as　much　noise　as　possible　by　banging　drums　and　hammering
  on　bronze　vessels；　until　heaven　and　earth　were　convulsed　by　the
  uproar。　　Terror…stricken；　the　Yen　army　fled　in　disorder；　　hotly
  pursued　by　the　men　of　Ch‘i；　who　succeeded　in　slaying　their
  general　Ch‘i　Chien。。。。　　The　result　of　the　battle　was　the　ultimate
  recovery　of　some　seventy　cities　which　had　belonged　to　the　Ch‘i
  State。〃＇
  Violent　language　and　driving　forward　as　if　to　the　attack　are
  signs　that　he　will　retreat。
  25。　　When　the　light　chariots　come　out　first　and　take　up　a
  position　on　the　wings；　it　is　a　sign　that　the　enemy　is　forming　for
  battle。
  26。　　Peace　proposals　unaccompanied　by　a　sworn　covenant
  indicate　a　plot。
  ＇The　reading　here　is　uncertain。　　Li　Ch‘uan　indicates　　〃a
  treaty　confirmed　by　oaths　and　hostages。〃　　Wang　Hsi　and　Chang　Yu；
  on　the　other　hand；　simply　say　〃without　reason；〃　〃on　a　frivolous
  pretext。〃＇
  27。　　When　there　is　much　running　about
  ＇Every　man　hastening　to　his　proper　place　under　his　own
  regimental　banner。＇
  and　the　soldiers　fall　into　rank；　it　means　that　the　critical
  moment　has　come。
  28。　　When　some　are　seen　advancing　and　some　retreating；　it　is
  a　lure。
  29。　　When　the　soldiers　stand　leaning　on　their　spears；　　they
  are　faint　from　want　of　food。
  30。　　If　those　who　are　sent　to　draw　water　begin　by　drinking
  themselves；　the　army　is　suffering　from　thirst。
  ＇As　Tu　Mu　remarks：　　〃One　may　know　the　condition　of　a　whole
  army　from　the　behavior　of　a　single　man。〃＇
  31。　　If　the　enemy　sees　an　advantage　to　be　gained　and　makes
  no　effort　to　secure　it；　the　soldiers　are　exhausted。
  32。　　If　birds　gather　on　any　spot；　it　is　unoccupied。
  ＇A　useful　fact　to　bear　in　mind　when；　for　instance；　as　Ch‘en
  Hao　says；　the　enemy　has　secretly　abandoned　his　camp。＇
  Clamor　by　night　betokens　nervousness。
  33。　　If　there　is　disturbance　in　the　camp；　　the　general's
  authority　is　weak。　　If　the　banners　and　flags　are　shifted　about；
  sedition　is　afoot。　　If　the　officers　are　angry；　it　means　that　the
  men　are　weary。
  ＇Tu　Mu　understands　the　sentence　differently：　　〃If　all　the
  officers　of　an　army　are　angry　with　their　general；　it　means　that
  they　are　broken　with　fatigue〃　owing　to　the　exertions　which　he　has
  demanded　from　them。＇
  34。　　When　an　army　feeds　its　horses　with　grain　and　kills　its
  cattle　for　food；
  ＇In　the　ordinary　course　of　things；　the　men　would　be　fed　on
  grain　and　the　horses　chiefly　on　grass。＇
  and　when　the　men　do　not　hang　their　cooking…pots　over　the　camp…
  fires；　showing　that　they　will　not　return　to　their　tents；　you　may
  know　that　they　are　determined　to　fight　to　the　death。
  ＇I　may　quote　here　the　illustrative　passage　from　the　HOU　HAN
  SHU；　　ch。　71；　given　in　abbreviated　form　by　the　P‘EI　WEN　YUN　FU：
  〃The　rebel　Wang　Kuo　of　Liang　was　besieging　the　town　of　Ch‘en…
  ts‘ang；　　and　Huang…fu　Sung；　who　was　in　supreme　command；　and　Tung
  Cho　were　sent　out　against　him。　　The　latter　pressed　for　hasty
  measures；　but　Sung　turned　a　deaf　ear　to　his　counsel。　　At　last　the
  rebels　were　utterly　worn　out；　and　began　to　throw　down　their
  weapons　of　their　own　accord。　　Sung　was　not　advancing　to　the
  attack；　　but　Cho　said：　　'It　is　a　principle　of　war　not　to　pursue
  desperate　men　and　not　to　press　a　retreating　host。'　　　Sung
  answered：　　'That　does　not　apply　here。　　What　I　am　about　to　attack
  is　a　jaded　army；　not　a　retreating　host；　with　disciplined　troops　I
  am　falling　on　a　disorganized　multitude；　not　a　band　of　desperate
  men。'　　　Thereupon　he　advances　to　the　attack　unsupported　by　his
  colleague；　and　routed　the　enemy；　Wang　Kuo　being　slain。〃＇
  35。　　The　sight　of　men　whispering　together　in　small　knots　or
  speaking　in　subdued　tones　points　to　disaffection　amongst　the　rank
  and　file。
  36。　　Too　frequent　rewards　signify　that　the　enemy　is　at　the
  end　of　his　resources；
  ＇Because；　when　an　army　is　hard　pressed；　as　Tu　Mu　says；　there
  is　always　a　fear　of　mutiny；　and　lavish　rewards　are　given　to　keep
  the　men　in　good　temper。＇
  too　many　punishments　betray　a　condition　of　dire　distress。
  ＇Because　in　such　case　discipline　becomes　relaxed；　　and
  unwonted　severity　is　necessary　to　keep　the　men　to　their　duty。＇
  37。　　To　begin　by　bluster；　but　afterwards　to　take　fright　a