scale；　　then　victory　ensues。　　The　chief　difficulty　lies　in　third
  term；　　　which　in　the　Chinese　some　commentators　take　as　　　a
  calculation　of　NUMBERS；　thereby　making　it　nearly　synonymous　with
  the　second　term。　　Perhaps　the　second　term　should　be　thought　of　as
  a　consideration　of　the　enemy's　general　position　or　condition；
  while　the　third　term　is　the　estimate　of　his　numerical　strength。
  On　the　other　hand；　　Tu　Mu　says：　　　〃The　question　of　relative
  strength　having　been　settled；　we　can　bring　the　varied　resources
  of　cunning　into　play。〃　　Ho　Shih　seconds　this　interpretation；　　but
  weakens　it。　　However；　it　points　to　the　third　term　as　being　a
  calculation　of　numbers。＇
  19。　　A　victorious　army　opposed　to　a　routed　one；　　is　as　a
  pound's　weight　placed　in　the　scale　against　a　single　grain。
  ＇Literally；　〃a　victorious　army　is　like　an　I　（20　oz。）　weighed
  against　a　SHU　（1/24　oz。）；　a　routed　army　is　a　SHU　weighed　against
  an　I。〃　　　The　point　is　simply　the　enormous　advantage　which　a
  disciplined　force；　flushed　with　victory；　has　over　one　demoralized
  by　defeat。〃　　Legge；　in　his　note　on　Mencius；　I。　2。　ix。　　2；　　makes
  the　I　to　be　24　Chinese　ounces；　and　corrects　Chu　Hsi's　statement
  that　it　equaled　20　oz。　only。　　But　Li　Ch‘uan　of　the　T‘ang　dynasty
  here　gives　the　same　figure　as　Chu　Hsi。＇
  20。　　The　onrush　of　a　conquering　force　is　like　the　bursting
  of　pent…up　waters　into　a　chasm　a　thousand　fathoms　deep。
  …
  V。　　ENERGY
  1。　　Sun　Tzu　said：　　The　control　of　a　large　force　is　the　same
  principle　as　the　control　of　a　few　men：　　it　is　merely　a　question
  of　dividing　up　their　numbers。
  ＇That　is；　　cutting　up　the　army　into　regiments；　　companies；
  etc。；　　with　subordinate　officers　in　command　of　each。　　Tu　Mu
  reminds　us　of　Han　Hsin's　famous　reply　to　the　first　Han　Emperor；
  who　once　said　to　him：　　〃How　large　an　army　do　you　think　I　could
  lead？〃　　　〃Not　more　than　100；000　men；　your　Majesty。〃　　　〃And　you？〃
  asked　the　Emperor。　　〃Oh！〃　he　answered；　〃the　more　the　better。〃＇
  2。　　Fighting　with　a　large　army　under　your　command　is　nowise
  different　from　fighting　with　a　small　one：　　　it　is　merely　a
  question　of　instituting　signs　and　signals。
  3。　　To　ensure　that　your　whole　host　may　withstand　the　brunt
  of　the　enemy's　attack　and　remain　unshaken　…　this　is　effected　by
  maneuvers　direct　and　indirect。
  ＇We　now　come　to　one　of　the　most　interesting　parts　of　Sun
  Tzu's　treatise；　the　discussion　of　the　CHENG　and　the　CH‘I。〃　　As　it
  is　by　no　means　easy　to　grasp　the　full　significance　of　these　two
  terms；　　　or　　　to　render　them　consistently　by　　　good　　　English
  equivalents；　　it　may　be　as　well　to　tabulate　some　of　　　the
  commentators'　　remarks　on　the　subject　before　proceeding　further。
  Li　Ch‘uan：　　〃Facing　the　enemy　is　CHENG；　making　lateral　diversion
  is　CH‘I。　　Chia　Lin：　　〃In　presence　of　the　enemy；　　your　troops
  should　be　arrayed　in　normal　fashion；　but　in　order　to　secure
  victory　abnormal　maneuvers　must　be　employed。〃　　　Mei　Yao…ch‘en：
  〃CH‘I　is　active；　CHENG　is　passive；　passivity　means　waiting　for　an
  opportunity；　activity　beings　the　victory　itself。〃　　Ho　Shih：　　　〃We
  must　cause　the　enemy　to　regard　our　straightforward　attack　as　one
  that　is　secretly　designed；　and　vice　versa；　thus　CHENG　may　also　be
  CH‘I；　　and　CH‘I　may　also　be　CHENG。〃　　He　instances　the　famous
  exploit　of　Han　Hsin；　who　when　marching　ostensibly　against　Lin…
  chin　（now　Chao…i　in　Shensi）；　suddenly　threw　a　large　force　across
  the　Yellow　River　in　wooden　tubs；　　utterly　disconcerting　his
  opponent。　＇Ch‘ien　Han　Shu；　ch。　3。＇　　Here；　we　are　told；　the　march
  on　Lin…chin　was　CHENG；　and　the　surprise　maneuver　was　CH‘I。〃
  Chang　Yu　gives　the　following　summary　of　opinions　on　the　words：
  〃Military　writers　do　not　agree　with　regard　to　the　meaning　of　CH‘I
  and　CHENG。　　Wei　Liao　Tzu　＇4th　cent。　B。C。＇　says：　　'Direct　warfare
  favors　frontal　attacks；　indirect　warfare　attacks　from　the　rear。'
  Ts‘ao　Kung　says：　　'Going　straight　out　to　join　battle　is　a　direct
  operation；　　　appearing　on　the　enemy's　rear　is　an　　　indirect
  maneuver。'　　Li　Wei…kung　＇6th　and　7th　cent。　A。D。＇　says：　　'In　war；
  to　march　straight　ahead　is　CHENG；　turning　movements；　on　the　other
  hand；　are　CH‘I。'　　These　writers　simply　regard　CHENG　as　CHENG；　and
  CH‘I　as　CH‘I；　　they　do　not　note　that　the　two　are　mutually
  interchangeable　and　run　into　each　other　like　the　two　sides　of　a
  circle　＇see　infra；　ss。　11＇。　　A　comment　on　the　T‘ang　Emperor　T‘ai
  Tsung　goes　to　the　root　of　the　matter：　　'A　CH‘I　maneuver　may　be
  CHENG；　if　we　make　the　enemy　look　upon　it　as　CHENG；　then　our　real
  attack　will　be　CH‘I；　and　vice　versa。　　The　whole　secret　lies　in
  confusing　the　enemy；　so　that　he　cannot　fathom　our　real　intent。'〃
  To　put　it　perhaps　a　little　more　clearly：　　any　attack　or　other
  operation　is　CHENG；　on　which　the　enemy　has　had　his　attention
  fixed；　　whereas　that　is　CH‘I；〃　which　takes　him　by　surprise　or
  comes　from　an　unexpected　quarter。　　If　the　enemy　perceives　a
  movement　which　is　meant　to　be　CH‘I；〃　　it　immediately　becomes
  CHENG。〃＇
  4。　　That　the　impact　of　your　army　may　be　like　a　grindstone
  dashed　against　an　egg　…　this　is　effected　by　the　science　of　weak
  points　and　strong。
  5。　　In　all　fighting；　the　direct　method　may　be　used　for
  joining　battle；　but　indirect　methods　will　be　needed　in　order　to
  secure　victory。
  ＇Chang　Yu　says：　　〃Steadily　develop　indirect　tactics；　　either
  by　pounding　the　enemy's　flanks　or　falling　on　his　rear。〃　　　A
  brilliant　example　of　　〃indirect　tactics〃　　which　decided　　　the
  fortunes　of　a　campaign　was　Lord　Roberts'　night　march　round　the
  Peiwar　Kotal　in　the　second　Afghan　war。　＇1＇
  6。　　Indirect　tactics；　efficiently　applied；　are　inexhausible
  as　Heaven　and　Earth；　unending　as　the　flow　of　rivers　and　streams；
  like　the　sun　and　moon；　they　end　but　to　begin　anew；　like　the　four
  seasons；　they　pass　away　to　return　once　more。
  ＇Tu　Yu　and　Chang　Yu　understand　this　of　the　permutations　of
  CH‘I　and　CHENG。〃　　But　at　present　Sun　Tzu　is　not　speaking　of　CHENG
  at　all；　　unless；　indeed；　we　suppose　with　Cheng　Yu…hsien　that　a
  clause　relating　to　it　has　fallen　out　of　the　text。　　Of　course；　　as
  has　already　been　pointed　out；　the　two　are　so　inextricably
  interwoven　in　all　military　operations；　that　they　cannot　really　be
  considered　apart。　　Here　we　simply　have　an　expression；　　　in
  figurative　language；　of　the　almost　infinite　resource　of　a　great
  leader。＇
  7。　　There　are　not　more　than　five　musical　notes；　　yet　the
  combinations　of　these　five　give　rise　to　more　melodies　than　can
  ever　be　heard。
  8。　　There　are　not　more　than　five　primary　colors　　（blue；
  yellow；　　red；　white；　and　black）；　yet　in　combination　they　produce
  more　hues　than　can　ever　been　seen。
  9　　　There　are　not　more　than　five　cardinal　tastes　　（sour；
  acrid；　salt；　sweet；　bitter）；　yet　combinations　of　them　yield　more
  flavors　than　can　ever　be　tasted。
  10。　　In　battle；　　there　are　not　more　than　two　methods　of
  attack　　…　　the　direct　and　the　indirect；　　yet　these　two　　　in
  combination　give　rise　to　an　endless　series　of　maneuvers。
  11。　　The　direct　and　the　indirect　lead　on　to　each　other　in
  turn。　　It　is　like　moving　in　a　circle　…　you　never　come　to　an　end。
  Who　can　exhaust　the　possibilities　of　their　combination？
  12。　　The　onset　of　troops　is　like　the　rush　of　a　torrent　which
  will　even　roll　stones　along　in　its　course。
  13。　　The　quality　of　decision　is　like　the　well…timed　swoop　of
  a　falcon　which　enables　it　to　strike　and　destroy　its　victim。
  ＇The　Chinese　here　is　tricky　and　a　certain　key　word　in　the
  context　it　is　used　defies　the　best　efforts　of　the　translator。　　Tu
  Mu　defines　this　word　as　〃the　measurement　or　estimation　of
  distance。〃　　But　this　meaning　does　not　quite　fit　the　illustrative
  simile　in　ss。　15。　　Applying　this　definition　to　the　falcon；　　it
  seems　to　me　to　denote　that　instinct　of　SELF　RESTRAINT　which　keeps
  the　bird　from　swooping　on　its　quarry　until　the　right　moment；
  together　with　the　power　of　judging　when　the　right　moment　has
  arrived。　　The　analogous　quality　in　soldiers　is　the　highly
  important　one　of　being　able　to　reserve　their　fire　until　the　very
  instant　at　which　it　will　be　most　effective。　　When　the　　〃Victory〃
  went　into　action　at　Trafalgar　at　hardly　more　than　drifting　pace；
  she　was　for　several　minutes　exposed　to　a　storm　of　shot　and　shell
  before　replying　with　a　single　gun。　　Nelson　coolly　waited　until　he
  was　within　close　range；　when　the　broadside　he　brought　to　bear
  worked　fearful　havoc　on　the　enemy's　nearest　ships。＇
  14。　　Therefore　the　good　fighter　will　be　terrible　in　his
  onset；　and　prompt　in　his　decision。
  ＇The　word　〃decision〃　would　have　reference　to　the　measurement
  of　distance　mentioned　above；　letting　the　enemy　get　near　before
  striking。　　But　I　cannot　help　thinking　that　Sun　Tzu　meant　to　use
  the　word　in　a　figurative　sense　comparable　to　our　own　idiom　〃short
  and　sharp。〃　　　Cf。　Wang　Hsi's　note；　which　after　describin