undisciplined。〃
  Teng　Ming…shih　informs　us　that　the　surname　〃Sun〃　was
  bestowed　on　Sun　Wu's　grandfather　by　Duke　Ching　of　Ch‘i　＇547…490
  B。C。＇。　　Sun　Wu's　father　Sun　P‘ing；　rose　to　be　a　Minister　of　State
  in　Ch‘i；　and　Sun　Wu　himself；　whose　style　was　Ch‘ang…ch‘ing；　　fled
  to　Wu　on　account　of　the　rebellion　which　was　being　fomented　by　the
  kindred　of　T‘ien　Pao。　　He　had　three　sons；　of　whom　the　second；
  named　Ming；　was　the　father　of　Sun　Pin。　　According　to　this　account
  then；　Pin　was　the　grandson　of　Wu；　which；　considering　that　Sun
  Pin's　victory　over　Wei　was　gained　in　341　B。C。；　may　be　dismissed
  as　chronological　impossible。　　Whence　these　data　were　obtained　by
  Teng　Ming…shih　I　do　not　know；　but　of　course　no　reliance　whatever
  can　be　placed　in　them。
  An　interesting　document　which　has　survived　from　the　close　of
  the　Han　period　is　the　short　preface　written　by　the　Great　Ts‘ao
  Ts‘ao；　or　Wei　Wu　Ti；　for　his　edition　of　Sun　Tzu。　　I　shall　give　it
  in　full：
  I　have　heard　that　the　ancients　used　bows　and　arrows　to
  their　advantage。　＇10＇　　The　SHU　CHU　mentions　〃the　army〃　among
  the　〃eight　objects　of　government。〃　　The　I　CHING　says：
  〃'army'　indicates　firmness　and　justice；　　the　experienced
  leader　will　have　good　fortune。〃　　The　SHIH　CHING　says：　　〃The
  King　rose　majestic　in　his　wrath；　and　he　marshaled　his
  troops。〃　　The　Yellow　Emperor；　T‘ang　the　Completer　and　Wu　Wang
  all　used　spears　and　battle…axes　in　order　to　succor　their
  generation。　　The　SSU…MA　FA　says：　　〃If　one　man　slay　another　of
  set　purpose；　he　himself　may　rightfully　be　slain。〃　　He　who
  relies　solely　on　warlike　measures　shall　be　exterminated；　he
  who　relies　solely　on　peaceful　measures　shall　perish。
  Instances　of　this　are　Fu　Ch‘ai　＇11＇　on　the　one　hand　and　Yen
  Wang　on　the　other。　＇12＇　　In　military　matters；　the　Sage's　rule
  is　normally　to　keep　the　peace；　and　to　move　his　forces　only
  when　occasion　requires。　　He　will　not　use　armed　force　unless
  driven　to　it　by　necessity。
  Many　books　have　I　read　on　the　subject　of　war　and
  fighting；　but　the　work　composed　by　Sun　Wu　is　the　profoundest
  of　them　all。　　＇Sun　Tzu　was　a　native　of　the　Ch‘i　state；　　his
  personal　name　was　Wu。　　He　wrote　the　ART　OF　WAR　in　13　chapters
  for　Ho　Lu；　King　of　Wu。　　Its　principles　were　tested　on　women；
  and　he　was　subsequently　made　a　general。　　He　led　an　army
  westwards；　　crushed　the　Ch‘u　state　and　entered　Ying　the
  capital。　　In　the　north；　he　kept　Ch‘i　and　Chin　in　awe。　　A
  hundred　years　and　more　after　his　time；　Sun　Pin　lived。　He　was
  a　descendant　of　Wu。＇　＇13＇　　In　his　treatment　of　deliberation
  and　planning；　the　importance　of　rapidity　in　taking　the　field；
  ＇14＇　clearness　of　conception；　and　depth　of　design；　　Sun　Tzu
  stands　beyond　the　reach　of　carping　criticism。　　My
  contemporaries；　however；　have　failed　to　grasp　the　full
  meaning　of　his　instructions；　and　while　putting　into　practice
  the　smaller　details　in　which　his　work　abounds；　　they　have
  overlooked　its　essential　purport。　　That　is　the　motive　which
  has　led　me　to　outline　a　rough　explanation　of　the　whole。
  One　thing　to　be　noticed　in　the　above　is　the　explicit
  statement　that　the　13　chapters　were　specially　composed　for　King
  Ho　Lu。　　This　is　supported　by　the　internal　evidence　of　I。　ss。　15；
  in　which　it　seems　clear　that　some　ruler　is　addressed。
  In　the　bibliographic　section　of　the　HAN　SHU；　there　is　an
  entry　which　has　given　rise　to　much　discussion：　　〃The　works　of　Sun
  Tzu　of　Wu　in　82　P‘IEN　（or　chapters）；　with　diagrams　in　9　CHUAN。〃
  It　is　evident　that　this　cannot　be　merely　the　13　chapters　known　to
  Ssu…ma　Ch‘ien；　　or　those　we　possess　today。　　Chang　Shou…chieh
  refers　to　an　edition　of　Sun　Tzu's　ART　OF　WAR　of　which　the　〃13
  chapters〃　formed　the　first　CHUAN；　adding　that　there　were　two
  other　CHUAN　besides。　　This　has　brought　forth　a　theory；　that　the
  bulk　of　these　82　chapters　consisted　of　other　writings　of　Sun　Tzu
  we　should　call　them　apocryphal　　similar　to　the　WEN　TA；　of
  which　a　specimen　dealing　with　the　Nine　Situations　＇15＇　is
  preserved　in　the　T‘UNG　TIEN；　and　another　in　Ho　Shin's　commentary。
  It　is　suggested　that　before　his　interview　with　Ho　Lu；　Sun　Tzu　had
  only　written　the　13　chapters；　but　afterwards　composed　a　sort　of
  exegesis　in　the　form　of　question　and　answer　between　himself　and
  the　King。　　Pi　I…hsun；　the　author　of　the　SUN　TZU　HSU　LU；　backs
  this　up　with　a　quotation　from　the　WU　YUEH　CH‘UN　CH‘IU：　　〃The　King
  of　Wu　summoned　Sun　Tzu；　and　asked　him　questions　about　the　art　of
  war。　　Each　time　he　set　forth　a　chapter　of　his　work；　the　King
  could　not　find　words　enough　to　praise　him。〃　　As　he　points　out；　if
  the　whole　work　was　expounded　on　the　same　scale　as　in　the　above…
  mentioned　fragments；　the　total　number　of　chapters　could　not　fail
  to　be　considerable。　　Then　the　numerous　other　treatises　attributed
  to　Sun　Tzu　might　be　included。　　The　fact　that　the　HAN　CHIH
  mentions　no　work　of　Sun　Tzu　except　the　82　P‘IEN；　whereas　the　Sui
  and　T‘ang　bibliographies　give　the　titles　of　others　in　addition　to
  the　〃13　chapters；〃　is　good　proof；　Pi　I…hsun　thinks；　that　all　of
  these　were　contained　in　the　82　P‘IEN。　　Without　pinning　our　faith
  to　the　accuracy　of　details　supplied　by　the　WU　YUEH　CH‘UN　CH‘IU；
  or　admitting　the　genuineness　of　any　of　the　treatises　cited　by　Pi
  I…hsun；　　we　may　see　in　this　theory　a　probable　solution　of　the
  mystery。　　Between　Ssu…ma　Ch‘ien　and　Pan　Ku　there　was　plenty　of
  time　for　a　luxuriant　crop　of　forgeries　to　have　grown　up　under　the
  magic　name　of　Sun　Tzu；　and　the　82　P‘IEN　may　very　well　represent　a
  collected　edition　of　these　lumped　together　with　the　original
  work。　　It　is　also　possible；　though　less　likely；　that　some　of　them
  existed　in　the　time　of　the　earlier　historian　and　were　purposely
  ignored　by　him。　＇16＇
  Tu　Mu's　conjecture　seems　to　be　based　on　a　passage　which
  states：　　〃Wei　Wu　Ti　strung　together　Sun　Wu's　Art　of　War；〃　which
  in　turn　may　have　resulted　from　a　misunderstanding　of　the　final
  words　of　Ts‘ao　King's　preface。　　This；　as　Sun　Hsing…yen　points
  out；　is　only　a　modest　way　of　saying　that　he　made　an　explanatory
  paraphrase；　or　in　other　words；　wrote　a　commentary　on　it。　　On　the
  whole；　this　theory　has　met　with　very　little　acceptance。　　Thus；
  the　SSU　K‘U　CH‘UAN　SHU　says：　　〃The　mention　of　the　13　chapters　in
  the　SHIH　CHI　shows　that　they　were　in　existence　before　the　HAN
  CHIH；　and　that　latter　accretions　are　not　to　be　considered　part　of
  the　original　work。　　Tu　Mu's　assertion　can　certainly　not　be　taken
  as　proof。〃
  There　is　every　reason　to　suppose；　then；　that　the　13　chapters
  existed　in　the　time　of　Ssu…ma　Ch‘ien　practically　as　we　have　them
  now。　　That　the　work　was　then　well　known　he　tells　us　in　so　many
  words。　　〃Sun　Tzu's　13　Chapters　and　Wu　Ch‘i's　Art　of　War　are　the
  two　books　that　people　commonly　refer　to　on　the　subject　of
  military　matters。　　Both　of　them　are　widely　distributed；　so　I　will
  not　discuss　them　here。〃　　But　as　we　go　further　back；　serious
  difficulties　begin　to　arise。　　The　salient　fact　which　has　to　be
  faced　is　that　the　TSO　CHUAN；　the　greatest　contemporary　record；
  makes　no　mention　whatsoever　of　Sun　Wu；　either　as　a　general　or　as
  a　writer。　　It　is　natural；　in　view　of　this　awkward　circumstance；
  that　many　scholars　should　not　only　cast　doubt　on　the　story　of　Sun
  Wu　as　given　in　the　SHIH　CHI；　but　even　show　themselves　frankly
  skeptical　as　to　the　existence　of　the　man　at　all。　　The　most
  powerful　presentment　of　this　side　of　the　case　is　to　be　found　in
  the　following　disposition　by　Yeh　Shui…hsin：　＇17＇
  It　is　stated　in　Ssu…ma　Ch‘ien's　history　that　Sun　Wu　was
  a　native　of　the　Ch‘i　State；　and　employed　by　Wu；　and　that　in
  the　reign　of　Ho　Lu　he　crushed　Ch‘u；　entered　Ying；　and　was　a
  great　general。　　But　in　Tso's　Commentary　no　Sun　Wu　appears　at
  all。　　It　is　true　that　Tso's　Commentary　need　not　contain
  absolutely　everything　that　other　histories　contain。　　But　Tso
  has　not　omitted　to　mention　vulgar　plebeians　and　hireling
  ruffians　such　as　Ying　K‘ao…shu；　＇18＇　Ts‘ao　Kuei；　　＇19＇；　　Chu
  Chih…wu　and　Chuan　She…chu　＇20＇。　　In　the　case　of　Sun　Wu；　whose
  fame　and　achievements　were　so　brilliant；　the　omission　is　much
  more　glaring。　　Again；　details　are　given；　in　their　due　order；
  about　his　contemporaries　Wu　Yuan　and　the　Minister　P‘ei。　　＇21＇
  Is　it　credible　that　Sun　Wu　alone　should　have　been　passed
  over？
  In　point　of　literary　style；　Sun　Tzu's　work　belongs　to
  the　same　school　as　KUAN　TZU；　＇22＇　LIU　T‘AO；　＇23＇　and　the　YUEH
  YU　＇24＇　and　may　have　been　the　production　of　some　private
  scholar　living　towards　the　end　of　the　〃Spring　and　Autumn〃　or
  the　beginning　of　the　〃Warring　States〃　period。　＇25＇　　The　story
  that　his　precepts　were　actually　applied　by　the　Wu　State；　is
  merely　the　outcome　of　big　talk　on　the　part　of　his　followers。
  From　the　flourishing　period　of　the　Chou　dynasty　＇26＇
  down　to　the　time　of　the　〃Spring　and　Autumn；〃　all　milit