of　Trade；　Board　of　Works；　and　I　know　not　what　besides。　In　fact；　_he　is
  the　Government_；　although　the　Datu　Klana's　signature　or　seal　is
  required　to　confirm　a　sentence　of　capital　punishment；　and　possibly　in
  one　or　two　other　cases；　and　his　Residential　authority　is　subject　only
  to　the　limitations　of　his　own　honor　and　good　sense；　sharpened　somewhat；
  were　he　other　than　what　he　is；　by　possible　snubs　from　the　Governor　of
  the　Straits　Settlements　or　the　Colonial　Secretary。　He　is　a　thoroughly
  honorable　man；　means　well　by　all　the　interests　of　his　little　kingdom；
  and　seems　both　beloved　and　trusted。
  On　Sunday　morning　we　had　English　service　and　a　sermon；　the　congregation
  being　augmented　by　the　only　other　English　peoplea　man　from　Australia
  who　is　here　road…making；　and　his　wife；　and　in　the　afternoon；
  disregarding　a　temperature　of　85　degrees；　we　went　through　the　Chinese
  village　of　Serambang。
  Tin　is　the　staple　product　of　Sungei　Ujong；　and　until　lately　the　Malay
  peninsula　and　the　adjacent　regions　were　supposed　to　be　the　richest　tin
  producing　countries　in　the　world。　　There　is　not　a　single　tin　mine；
  however；　properly　so…called。　The　whole　of　the　tin　exported　from　Sungei
  Ujong；　which　last　year　（1879）；　even　at　its　present　reduced　price；　was
  valued　at　81；400　pounds；　and　contributed　as　export　duty　to　the
  Government　5；800　pounds；　is　found　in　the　detritus　of　ancient　mountains；
  and　is　got；　in　mining　parlance；　in　〃stream　works〃that　is；　by　washing
  the　soil；　just　as　gold　is　washed　out　of　the　soil　in　Australia　and
  California。　It　is　supposed　that　there　is　a　sufficient　supply　to　last
  for　ages；　even　though　the　demand　for　tin　for　new　purposes　is　always　on
  the　increase。　It　is　tin　mining　which　has　brought　the　Chinese　in　such
  numbers　to　these　States；　and　as　miners　and　smelters　they　are　equally
  efficient　and　persevering。　In　1828；　the　number　of　Chinese　working　the
  mines　here　was　one　thousand；　and　in　the　same　year　they　were　massacred
  by　the　Malays。　They　now　number　ten　thousand；　and　under　British
  protection　have　nothing　to　fear。
  It　is　still　the　New　Year　holidays；　and　hundreds　of　Chinamen　were
  lounging　about；　and　every　house　was　gayly　decorated。　　The　Malays　never
  join　house　to　house；　the　Chinese　always　do　so；　and　this　village　has　its
  streets　and　plaza。　The　houses　are　all　to　a　certain　extent
  fire…proofthat　is；　when　a　fire　occurs；　and　the　attap…thatched　roofs
  are　burned；　the　houses　below；　which　are　mostly　shops；　are　safe。　These
  shops；　some　of　which　are　very　large；　are　nearly　dark。　They　deal　mainly
  in　Chinese　goods　and　favorite　Chinese　articles　of　food；　fireworks；
  mining　tools；　and　kerosene　oil。　In　one　shop　twenty　〃assistants；〃　with
  only　their　loose　cotton　trousers　on；　were　sitting　at　round　tables
  having　a　mealnot　their　ordinary　diet；　I　should　think；　for　they　had
  seventeen　different　sorts　of　soups　and　stews；　some　of　them　abominations
  to　our　thinking。
  We　visited　the　little　joss…house；　very　gaudily　decorated；　the　main
  feature　of　the　decorations　being　two　enormous　red　silk　umbrellas；
  exquisitely　embroidered　in　gold　and　silks。　　The　crowds　in　this　village
  remind　me　of　Canton；　but　the　Chinese　look　anything　but　picturesque
  here；　for　none　of　themor　at　all　events；　only　their　〃Capitans〃wear
  the　black　satin　skull　cap；　and　their　shaven　heads；　with　the　small　patch
  of　hair　which　goes　into　the　composition　of　the　pigtail；　look　very　ugly。
  The　pig…tail　certainly　begins　with　this　lock　of　hair；　but　the　greater
  part　of　it　is　made　up　of　silk　or　cotton　thread　plaited　in　with　the
  hair；　and　blue　or　red　strands　of　silk　in　a　pigtail　indicate　mourning　or
  rejoicing。　None　of　the　Chinese　here　wear　the　beautiful　long　robes　used
  by　their　compatriots　in　China　and　Japan。　The　rich　wear　a　white；
  shirt…like　garment　of　embroidered　silk　crepe　over　their　trousers　and
  petticoat；　and　the　poorer　only　loose　blue　or　brown　cotton　trousers；　so
  that　one　is　always　being　reminded　of　the　excessive　leanness　of　their
  forms。　Some　of　the　rich　merchants　invited　us　to　go　in　and　drink
  champagne；　but　we　declined　everything　but　tea；　which　is　ready　all　day
  long　in　tea…pots　kept　hot　in　covered　baskets　very　thickly　padded；　such
  as　are　known　with　us　as　〃Norwegian　Kitchens。〃
  In　the　middle　of　the　village　there　is　a　large；　covered；　but　open…sided
  building　like　a　market；　which　is　crowded　all　dayand　all　night　tooby
  hundreds　of　these　poor；　half…naked　creatures　standing　round　the　gaming
  tables；　silent；　eager；　excited；　staking　every　cent　they　earn　on　the
  turn　of　the　dice；　living　on　the　excitement　of　their　gainsa　truly　sad
  spectacle。　Probably　we　were　the　first　European　ladies　who　had　ever
  walked　through　the　gambling…house；　but　the　gamblers　were　too　intent
  even　to　turn　their　heads。　There　also　they　are　always　drinking　tea。　Some
  idea　of　the　profits　made　by　the　men　who　〃farm〃　the　gambling　licenses
  may　be　gained　from　the　fact　that　the　revenue　derived　by　the　Government
  from　the　gambling　〃farms〃　is　over　900　pounds　a　year。
  Spirits　are　sold　in　three　or　four　places；　and　the　license　to　sell　them
  brings　in　nearly　700　pounds　a　year；　but　a　drunken　Chinaman　is　never
  seen。　There　are　a　few　opium　inebriates；　lean　like　skeletons；　and　very
  vacant　in　expression；　and　every　coolie　smokes　his　three　whiffs　of　opium
  every　night。　Only　a　few　of　the　richer　Chinamen　have　wives；　and　there
  are　very　few　women；　as　is　usual　in　a　mining　population。　A　good　many
  roads　have　been　made　in　the　State；　and　the　Chinese　are　building
  buggies；　gharries；　and　wagons；　and　many　of　the　richer　ones　own　them　and
  import　Sumatra　ponies　to　draw　them。　To　say　that　the　Chinese　make　as
  good　emigrants　as　the　British　is　barely　to　give　them　their　due。　They
  have　equal　stamina　and　are　more　industrious　and　thrifty；　and　besides
  that　they　are　always　sober；　can　bear　with　impunity　the　fiercest
  tropical　heat；　and　can　thrive　and　save　where　Englishmen　would　starve。
  The　immense　immigration　of　Chinese；　all　affiliated　to　clubs　or　secret
  societies；　might　be　a　great　risk　to　the　peace　of　the　State　were　it　not
  that　they　recognize　certain　leaders　known　as　〃Capitans　China；〃　who
  contrive　to　preserve　order；　so　far　as　is　known　by　a　wholesome　influence
  merely；　and　who　in　all　cases；　in　return　for　the　security　which　property
  enjoys　under　our　flag；　work　cordially　with　the　Resident　in　all　that
  concerns　the　good　of　the　State。　How　these　〃Capitans〃　are　elected；　and
  how　they　exercise　their　authority；　is　as　inscrutable　as　most　else
  belonging　to　the　Chinese。　The　Chinese　seem　not　so　much　broadly
  patriotic　as　provincial　or　clannish；　and　the　〃Hoeys；〃　or　secret
  societies；　belong　to　the　different　southern　provinces。　The　fights
  between　the　factions；　and　the　way　in　which　the　secret　societies　screen
  criminals　by　false　swearing　and　other　means；　are　among　the　woes　of　the
  Governor　and　Lieutenant…Governors　of　these　Settlements。　Though　they　get
  on　very　well　up　here；　thanks　to　the　〃Capitan　China；〃　the　clans　live　in
  separate　parts　of　the　village；　have　separate　markets　and　gaming　houses；
  and　a　wooden　arch　across　the　street　divides　the　two　〃Nations。〃
  We　went　to　pay　complimentary　visits　for　the　New　Year　to　these
  〃Capitans〃　with　the　Malay　interpreter；　and　were　received　with　a　curious
  mixture　of　good…will　and　solemnity。　　Wine；　tea　and　sweet…meats　were
  produced　at　each　house。　　Their　houses　are　very　rude；　considering　their
  ample　means；　and　have　earthen　floors。　They　have　comfortable　carriages；
  and　their　gentle；　sweet…mannered　children　were　loaded　with　gold　and
  diamonds。　In　one　house；　a　sweet　little　girl　handed　round　the　tea　and
  cake；　and　all；　even　to　babies　who　can　scarcely　toddle　across　the　floor；
  came　up　and　shook　hands。　　A　Chinese　family　impresses　one　by　its　extreme
  orderliness；　filial　reverence　being　regarded　as　the　basis　of　all　the
  virtues。　The　manners　of　these　children　are　equally　removed　from　shyness
  and　forwardness。　They　all　wore　crowns　of　dark　red　gold　of　very
  beautiful　workmanship；　set　with　diamonds。　　When　these　girl…children　are
  twelve　years　old；　they　will；　according　to　custom；　be　strictly　secluded；
  and　will　not　be　seen　by　any　man　but　their　father　till　the　bridegroom
  lifts　the　veil　at　the　marriage　ceremony。
  After　these　visits；　in　which　the　〃Capitans　China；〃　through　the
  interpreter；　assured　us　of　their　perpetual　and　renewed　satisfaction
  with　British　rule；　Mr。　Hayward；　the　interpreter；　and　I；　paid　another
  visit　of　a　more　leisurely　kind　to　one　of　the　Chinese　gambling　houses；
  which；　as　usual；　was　crowded。　At　one　end　several　barbers　were　at　work。
  A　Chinaman　is　always　being　shaved；　for　he　keeps　his　head　and　face　quite
  smooth；　and　never　shaves　himself。　The　shaving　the　head　was　originally　a
  sign　of　subjection　imposed　by　the　Tartar　conquerors；　but　it　is　now　so
  completely　the　national　custom　that　prisoners　feel　it　a　deep　disgrace
  when　their　hair　is　allowed　to　grow。　Coolies　twist　their　five　feet　of
  pigtail　round　their　heads　while　they　are　at　work；　but　a　servant　or
  other　inferior；　only　insults　his　superior　if　he　enter　his　presence　with
  his　pigtail　otherwise　than　pendent。　The　gaming　house；　whose　open　sides
  allow　it　to　present　a　perpetual　temptation；　is　full　of　tables；　and　at
  each　sits　a　croupier；　well　clothed；　and　as　many　half…naked　Chinamen　as
  can　see　over　each　others'　shoulders　crowd　round　him。　Their　silent；
  concentrated　eagerne