as　deserving　of　a　lingering　death；　are　tightly　bound　with　cords；　and
  are　then　slowly　hacked　to　pieces　with　sharp　knives；　unless　the　friends
  of　the　culprit　are　rich　enough　to　bribe　the　executioner　to　terminate
  the　death　agony　early　by　stabbing　a　vital　part。
  These　facts　do　not　require　to　be　dressed　out　with　words。　　They　are　most
  effective　when　most　baldly　stated。　I　left　the　execution　ground　as　I
  left　the　prisonwith　the　prayer；　which　has　gained　a　new　significance；
  〃For　all　prisoners　and　captives　we　beseech　Thee　to　hear　us；　good　Lord；〃
  but　though　our　hands　are　nationally　clean　now　as　regards　the
  administration　of　justice　and　the　treatment　of　criminals；　we　need　not
  hold　them　up　in　holy　horror　as　if　the　Chinese　were　guilty　above　all
  other　men；　for　the　framers　of　the　Litany　were　familiar　with　dungeons
  perhaps　worse　than　the　prison　of　the　Naam…Hoi　magistrate；　and　with
  forms　of　torture　which　spared　not　even　women；　and　the　judges'　and
  jailers'　palms　were　intimate　with　the　gold　of　accused　persons。　It　is
  simply　that　heathenism　in　Canton　is　practising　at　this　day　what
  Christianity　in　Europe　looked　upon　with　indifference　for　centuries。
  I。　L。　B。
  LETTER　V
  Portuguese　MissionariesA　Chinese　HospitalChinese
  AnaestheticsSurgery　and　MedicineVentilation　and　CleanlinessA
  Chinese　〃Afternoon　Tea〃A　New　Inspiration
  HONG　KONG；　January　10。
  The　year　seems　already　getting　old　and　frowzy。　Under　these　blue　skies；
  and　with　all　the　doors　and　windows　open；　I　should　think　it　midsummer　if
  I　did　not　look　at　the　calendar。　Oh；　how　I　like　blue；　sunny　skies；
  instead　of　gray　and　grim　ones；　and　blazing　colors　instead　of　the　dismal
  grays　and　browns　of　our　nondescript　winters！
  I　left　Canton　by　the　Kin…Kiang　on　Monday；　with　two　thousand　Chinese
  passengers　and　two　Portuguese　missionary　priests；　the　latter　wearing
  Chinese　costume；　and　so　completely　got　up　as　Chinamen　that　had　they　not
  spoken　Portuguese　their　features　would　not　have　been　sufficient　to
  undeceive　me。　　They　were　noble…looking　men；　and　bore　upon　their　faces
  the　stamp　of　consecration　to　a　noble　work。　On　the　other　steamer；　the
  Tchang；　instead　of　a　man　with　revolvers　and　a　cutlass　keeping　guard
  over　the　steerage　grating；　a　large　hose　pipe　is　laid　on　to　each
  hatch…way；　through　which；　in　case　of　need；　boiling　water　can　be　sent
  under　strong　pressure。　Just　as　we　landed　here；　about　five　hundred　large
  fishes　were　passed　through　a　circular　net　from　a　well　in　the　steamer
  into　a　well　in　a　fishing　boat；　to　which　all　the　fishmongers　in　Hong
  Kong　immediately　resorted。
  （I　pass　over　the　hospitalities　and　festivities　of　Hong　Kong；　and　an
  afternoon　with　the　Governor　in　the　Victoria　Prison；　to　an　interesting
  visit　paid　with　Mr。；　now　Sir　J。　　Pope　Hennessey　to　the　Chinese
  Hospital。）
  We　started　from　Government　House；　with　the　Governor；　in　a　chair　with
  six　scarlet　bearers；　attended　by　some　Sikh　orderlies　in　scarlet
  turbans；　for　a　〃State　Visit〃　to　the　Tung…Wah　Hospital；　a　purely　Chinese
  institution；　built　some　years　ago　by　Chinese　merchants；　and　supported
  by　them　at　an　annual　cost　of　16；000。　In　it　nothing　European；　either　in
  the　way　of　drugs　or　treatment；　is　tried。　There　is　a　dispensary
  connected　with　it；　where　advice　is　daily　given　to　about　a　hundred　and
  twenty　people；　and；　though　lunacy　is　rare　in　China；　they　are　building　a
  lunatic　asylum　at　the　back　of　the　hospital。
  The　Tung…Wah　hospital　consists　of　several　two…storied　buildings　of
  granite；　with　large　windows　on　each　side；　and　a　lofty　central　building
  which　contains　the　directors'　hall；　the　accommodation　for　six　resident
  physicians；　and　the　business　offices。　The　whole　is　surrounded　by　a
  well…kept　garden；　bounded　by　a　very　high　wall。　We　entered　by　the　grand
  entrance；　which　has　a　flagged　pavement；　each　flag　consisting　of　a　slab
  of　granite　twelve　feet　long　by　three　broad；　and　were　received　at　the
  foot　of　the　grand　staircase　by　the　directors　and　their　chairman；　the
  six　resident　doctors；　and　Mr。　Ng　Choy；　a　rising；　Chinese　barrister；
  educated　at　Lincoln's　Inn；　who　interpreted　for　us　in　admirable　English。
  He　is　the　man　who　goes　between　the　Governor　and　the　Chinese　community；
  and　is　believed　to　have　more　influence　with　the　Governor　on　all
  questions　which　concern　Chinamen　than　anybody　else。　These　gentlemen　all
  wore　rich　and　beautiful　dresses　of　thick　ribbed　silk　and　figured
  brocade；　and；　unless　they　were　much　padded　and　wadded；　they　had　all
  attained　to　a　remarkable　embonpoint。
  The　hall　in　which　the　directors　meet　is　lofty　and　very　handsome；　the
  roof　being　supported　on　massive　pillars。　One　side　is　open　to　the
  garden。　It　has　a　superb　ebony　table　in　the　middle；　with　a　chair　massive
  enough　for　a　throne　for　the　chairman；　and　six　grand；　carved　ebony
  chairs　on　either　side。
  Our　procession　consisted　of　the　chairman　and　the　twelve　directors；　the
  six　stout　middle…aged　doctors；　Mr。　Ng　Choy；　the　Governor；　the　Bishop　of
  Victoria；　and　myself；　but　the　patients　regarded　the　unwonted　spectacle
  with　extreme　apathy。
  The　wards　hold　twenty　each；　and　are　divided　into　wooden　stalls；　each
  stall　containing　two　beds。　Partitions　seven　feet　high　run　down　the
  centre。　The　beds　are　matted　wooden　platforms；　and　the　bedding　white
  futons　or　wadded　quilts；　which　are　washed　once　a　week。　The　pillows　are
  of　wood　or　bamboo。　Each　bed　has　a　shelf　above　it；　with　a　teapot　upon　it
  in　a　thickly　wadded　basket；　which　keeps　the　contents　hot　all　day；　the
  infusion　being；　of　course；　poured　off　the　leaves。　　A　ticket；　with　the
  patient's　name　upon　it；　and　the　hours　at　which　he　is　to　take　his
  medicine；　hangs　above　each　person。
  No　amputations　are　performed；　but　there　are　a　good　many　other
  operations；　such　as　the　removal　of　cancers；　tumors；　etc。　The　doctors
  were　quite　willing　to　answer　questions；　within　certain　limits；　but　when
  I　asked　them　about　the　composition　and　properties　of　their　drugs　they
  became　reticent　at　once　and　said　that　they　were　secrets。　They　do　not
  use　chloroform　in　operations；　but　they　all　asserted；　and　their
  assertions　were　corroborated　by　Mr。　Ng　Choy；　that　they　possess　drugs
  which　throw　their　patients　into　a　profound　sleep；　during　which　the　most
  severe　operations　can　be　painlessly　performed。　They　asserted　further
  that　such　patients　awake　an　hour　or　two　afterward　quite　cheerful；　and
  with　neither　headache　nor　vomiting！　One　of　them　showed　me　a　bottle
  containing　a　dark　brown　powder　which；　he　said；　produced　this　result；
  but　he　would　not　divulge　the　name　of　one　of　its　constituents；　saying
  that　it　is　a　secret　taught　him　by　his　tutor；　and　that　there　are　several
  formulas。　It　has　a　pungent　and　slightly　aromatic　taste。
  The　surgery　and　medicine　are　totally　uninfluenced　by　European　science；
  and　are　of　the　most　antiquated　and　barbaric　description。　There　was　a
  woman　who　had　had　a　cancer　removed；　and　the　awful　wound；　which　was
  uncovered　for　my　inspection；　was　dressed　with　musk；　lard；　and
  ambergris；　with　a　piece　of　oiled　paper　over　all。　There　was　also
  exhibited　to　us　a　foot　which　had　been　pierced　by　a　bamboo　splinter。
  Violent　inflammation　had　extended　up　to　the　knee；　and　the　wound；　and
  the　swollen；　blackened　limb　were　being　treated　with　musk　and　tiger's
  fat。　A　man　with　gangrened　feet；　nearly　dropping　off；　had　them　rolled　up
  in　dark…colored　paste；　of　which　musk　and　oil　were　two　ingredients。　All
  the　wounds　were　deplorably　dirty；　and　no　process　of　cleaning　them
  exists　in　this　system　of　surgery。
  The　Governor　and　Bishop　were　not　allowed　to　go　into　the　women's　ward。
  It　looked　very　clean　and　comfortable；　but　a　woman　in　the　last
  death…agony　was　unattended。　They　never　bleed；　or　leech；　or　blister；　or
  apply　any　counter…irritants　in　cases　of　inflammation。　They　give
  powdered　rhinoceros'　horns；　sun…dried　tiger's　blood；　powdered　tiger's
  liver；　spiders'　eyes；　and　many　other　queer　things；　and　for　a　tonic　and
  febrifuge；　where　we　should　use　quinine；　they　rely　mainly　on　the　ginseng
  （Panax　quinquefolia？）　of　which　I　saw　so　much　in　Japan。　They　judge　much
  by　the　pulse　and　tongue。　　The　mortality　in　this　hospital　is　very　large；
  not　only　from　the　nature　of　the　treatment；　but　because　Chinamen　who
  have　no　friends　in　Victoria　go　there　when　they　are　dying；　in　order　to
  secure　that　their　bodies　shall　be　sent　to　their　relations　at　a
  distance。　There　were　fifteen　sick　and　shipwrecked　junkmen　there；
  covered　with　sores；　who　looked　very　far　down　in　the　scale　of　humanity。
  After　going　through　the　wards　I　went　into　the　laboratory；　where　six　men
  were　engaged　in　preparing　drugs；　then　to　the　〃chemical　kitchen；〃　where
  a　hundred　and　fifty　earthen　pipkins　on　a　hundred　and　fifty　earthen
  furnaces　were　being　used　in　cooking　medicines　under　the　superintendence
  of　eight　cooks　in　spotless　white　clothing；　then　to　the　kitchen；　which
  is　large　and　clean；　then　alone　into　the　dead…house；　which　no　Chinese
  will　enter　except　an　unclean　class　of　pariahs；　who　perform　the　last
  offices　for　the　departed　and　dress　the　corpses　for　burial。　This　gloomy
  receptacle　is　also　clean。
  Great　attention　is　paid　to　cleanliness　and　ventilation。　Dry　earth　is
  used　as　a　deodorizer；　but　if　there　be　a　bad　odor　they　burn　sandalwood。
  They　don't　adopt　any　disinfectants；　indeed；　they　don't　appear　to　know
  their　use。　The　patients　all　lie　with　their　backs　to　the　light；　and
  t