＇15＇　See　〃Revenues；〃　iii。　3；　A。　Zurborg；　〃de。　Xen。　Lib。　qui　｛Poroi｝
  inscribitur；〃　p。　42。
  ＇16＇　Cf。　〃Hell。〃　III。　iv。　16；　IV。　ii。　5　foll。
  ＇17＇　〃In　reward　for　justice　in；　etc。〃　See　〃Revenues；〃　l。c。；　and　for
  the　evil　in　question；　Thuc。　i。　77；　Plat。　〃Rep。〃　556。
  ＇18＇　｛eispheroien｝；　techn。　of　the　war…tax　at　Athens。　See　〃Revenues；〃
  iii。　7　foll。；　iv。　34　foll。；　Thuc。　iii。　19；　Boeckh；　〃P。　E。　A。〃　pp。
  470；　539。　Cf。　Aristot。　〃Pol。〃　v。　11。　10；　in　illustration　of　the
  tyrant's　usual　method　of　raising　money。
  And　that　which　of　all　arts　is　the　most　remunerative；　albeit　the　least
  accustomed　hitherto　to　be　conducted　on　the　principle　of
  competition＇19＇I　mean　agricultureitself　would　make　enormous
  strides；　if　some　one　were　to　offer　prizes　in　the　same　way；　〃by　farms
  and　villages；〃　to　those　who　should　perform　the　works　of　tillage　in　the
  fairest　fashion。　Whilst　to　those　members　of　the　state　who　should
  devote　themselves　with　might　and　main　to　this　pursuit；　a　thousand
  blessings　would　be　the　result。　The　revenues　would　be　increased；　and
  self…restraint　be　found　far　more　than　now；　in　close　attendance　on
  industrious　habits。＇20＇　Nay　further；　crimes　and　villainies　take　root
  and　spring　less　freely　among　busy　workers。
  ＇19＇　Al。　〃and　what　will　be　the　most　repaying　。　。　。　being　a　department
  of　things　least　wont；〃　etc。
  ＇20＇　Or；　〃soundness　of　soul　much　more　be　found　allied　with
  occupation。〃
  Once　more；　if　commerce＇21＇　is　of　any　value　to　the　state；　then　let　the
  merchant　who　devotes　himself　to　commerce　on　the　grandest　scale　receive
  some　high　distinction；　and　his　honours　will　draw　on　other　traders　in
  his　wake。
  ＇21＇　Cf。　〃Revenues；〃　l。c。
  Or　were　it　made　apparent　that　the　genius　who　discovers　a　new　source　of
  revenue；　which　will　not　be　vexatious；　will　be　honoured；　by　the　state；
  a　field　of　exploration　will　at　once　be　opened；　which　will　not　long
  continue　unproductive。＇22＇
  ＇22＇　Lit。　〃that　too　is　an　inquiry　which　will　not　long　lie　fallow。〃
  And　to　speak　compendiously；　if　it　were　obvious　in　each　department　that
  the　introducer　of　any　salutary　measure　whatsoever　will　not　remain
  unhonoured；　that　in　itself　will　stimulate　a　host　of　pople　who　will
  make　it　their　business　to　discover　some　good　thing　or　other　for　the
  state。　Wherever　matters　of　advantage　to　the　state　excite　deep
  interest；　of　necessity　discoveries　are　made　more　freely　and　more
  promptly　perfected。　But　if　you　are　afraid；　O　mighty　prince；　that
  through　the　multitude　of　prizes　offered＇23＇　under　many　heads；　expenses
  also　must　be　much　increased；　consider　that　no　articles　of　commerce　can
  be　got　more　cheaply　than　those　which　people　purchase　in　exchange　for
  prizes。　Note　in　the　public　contests　（choral；　equestrian；　or
  gymnastic）＇24＇　how　small　the　prizes　are　and　yet　what　vast　expenditure
  of　wealth　and　toil；　and　painful　supervision　these　elicit。＇25＇
  ＇23＇　Reading　｛protithemenon｝　with　Cobet。
  ＇24＇　Lit。　〃hippic；　gymnic；　and　choregic　contests。〃
  ＇25＇　e。g。　〃in　the　choral　dances　（1）　money　on　the　part　of　the　choragoi；
  （2）　pains　on　the　part　of　the　choreutai；　（3）　supervising　care　on
  the　part　of　the　choro…didaskoi；　and　so　mutatis　mutandis　of　the
  hippic　and　gymnic。〃
  X
  And　Hiero　replied：　Thus　far　you　reason　prettily；　methinks；　Simonides；
  but　about　these　mercenary　troops　have　you　aught　to　say？　Can　you
  suggest　a　means　to　avoid　the　hatred　of　which　they　are　the　cause？　Or
  will　you　tell　me　that　a　ruler　who　has　won　the　affection　of　his
  subjects　has　no　need　for　body…guards？
  Nay；　in　good　sooth　（replied　Simonides）；　distinctly　he　will　need　them
  none　the　less。　I　know　it　is　with　certain　human　beings　as　with　horses；
  some　trick　of　the　blood　they　have；　some　inborn　tendency；　the　more
  their　wants　are　satisfied；　the　more　their　wantonness　will　out。　Well
  then；　to　sober　and　chastise　wild　spirits；　there　is　nothing　like　the
  terror　of　your　men…at…arms。＇1＇　And　as　to　gentler　natures；＇2＇　I　do　not
  know　by　what　means　you　could　bestow　so　many　benefits　upon　them　as　by
  means　of　mercenaries。
  ＇1＇　Lit。　〃spear…bearers〃；　the　title　given　to　the　body…guard　of　kings
  and　tyrants。
  ＇2＇　Lit。　〃the　beautiful　and　good；〃　the　｛kalois　kagathois｝。　See　〃Econ。〃
  vi。　11　foll。
  Let　me　explain：　You　keep　them；　I　presume；　in　the　first　instance；　for
  yourself；　as　guards　of　your　own　person。　But　for　masters；　owners　of
  estates　and　others；　to　be　done　to　death　with　violence　by　their　own
  slaves　is　no　unheard…of　thing。　Supposing；　then；　the　first　and　foremost
  duty　laid　on　mercenary　troops　were　this：　they　are　the　body…guards　of
  the　whole　public；　and　bound　as　such　to　come　to　the　assistance　of　all
  members　of　the　state　alike；　in　case　they　shall　detect　some　mischief
  brewing＇3＇　（and　miscreants　do　spring　up　in　the　hearts　of　states；　as　we
  all　know）；　I　say　then；　if　these　mercenary　troops　were　under　orders　to
  act　as　guardians　of　the　citizens；＇4＇　the　latter　would　recognise　to
  whom　they　were　indebted。
  ＇3＇　〃If　they　become　aware　of　anything　of　that　sort。〃　Is　not　this
  modelled　on　the　｛krupteia｝？　See　Pater；　〃Plato　and　Platonism；〃　ch。
  viii。　〃Lacedaemon；〃　p。　186。
  ＇4＇　Or；　〃as　their　police。〃　｛toutous｝；　sc。　〃the　citizens〃；　al。　〃the
  evil…doers。〃　If　so；　transl。　〃to　keep　watch　and　ward　on　evil…doers；
  the　citizens　would　soon　recognise　the　benefit　they　owe　them　for
  that　service。〃
  But　in　addition　to　these　functions；　such　a　body　might　with　reason　be
  expected　to　create　a　sense　of　courage　and　security；　by　which　the
  country　labourers　with　their　flocks　and　herds　would　greatly　benefit；　a
  benefit　not　limited　to　your　demesne；　but　shared　by　every　farm
  throughout　the　rural　district。
  Again；　these　mercenaries；　if　set　to　guard　strategic　points；＇5＇　would
  leave　the　citizens　full　leisure　to　attend　to　matters　of　more　private
  interest。
  ＇5＇　Or；　〃as　garrisons　of　critical　positions；〃　like　Phyle　or　Decelia
  near　Athens。
  And　again；　a　further　function：　Can　you　conceive　a　service　better
  qualified　to　gain　intelligence　beforehand　and　to　hinder　the　secret
  sudden　onslaughts　of　a　hostile　force；　than　a　set　of　troopers　always
  under　arms　and　fully　organised？＇6＇
  ＇6＇　Or；　〃trained　to　act　as　one　man。〃　See　Sturz；　s。v。
  Moreover；　on　an　actual　campaign；　where　will　you　find　an　arm　of　greater
  service　to　the　citizens　than　these　wage…earning　troops？＇7＇　than　whom；
  it　is　likely；　there　will　none　be　found　more　resolute　to　take　the
  lion's　share　of　toil　or　peril；　or　do　outpost　duty；　keeping　watch　and
  ward　while　others　sleep；　brave　mercenaries。
  ＇7＇　The　author　is　perhaps　thinking　of　some　personal　experiences。　He
  works　out　his　theory　of　a　wage…earning　militia　for　the　protection
  of　the　state　in　the　〃Cyropaedia。〃　See　esp。　VII。　v。　69　foll。
  And　what　will　be　the　effect　on　the　neighbour　states　conterminous　with
  yours？＇8＇　Will　not　this　standing　army　lead　them　to　desire　peace　beyond
  all　other　things？　In　fact；　a　compact　force　like　this；　so　organised；
  will　prove　most　potent　to　preserve　the　interests　of　their　friends　and
  to　damage　those　of　their　opponents。
  ＇8＇　Or；　〃that　lie　upon　your　borders；〃　as　Thebes　and　Megara　were　〃nigh…
  bordering〃　to　Athens。　Cf。　Eur。　〃Rhes。〃　426；　Soph。　〃Fr。〃　349。
  And　when；　finally；　the　citizens　discover　it　is　not　the　habit　of　these
  mercenaries　to　injure　those　who　do　no　wrong；　but　their　vocation　rather
  is　to　hinder　all　attempts　at　evil…doing；　whereby　they　exercise　a
  kindly　providence　and　bear　the　brunt　of　danger　on　behalf　of　the
  community；　I　say　it　must　needs　be；　the　citizens　will　rejoice　to　pay
  the　expenses　which　the　force　entails。　At　any　rate；　it　is　for　objects
  of　far　less　importance　that　at　present　guards＇9＇　are　kept　in　private
  life。
  ＇9＇　〃Police　or　other。〃
  XI
  But；　Hiero；　you　must　not　grudge　to　spend　a　portion　of　your　private
  substance　for　the　common　weal。　For　myself；　I　hold　to　the　opinion　that
  the　sums　expended　by　the　monarch　on　the　state　form　items　of
  disbursement　more　legitimate＇1＇　than　those　expended　on　his　personal
  account。　But　let　us　look　into　the　question　point　by　point。
  ＇1＇　｛eis　to　deon｝。　Holden　cf。　〃Anab。〃　I。　iii。　8。　Aristoph。　〃Clouds；〃
  859；　｛osper　Periklees　eis　to　deon　apolesa｝：　〃Like　Pericles；　for　a
  necessary　purpose；　I　have　lost　them。〃