pleasure　he　experienced　during　that　period　was　when　packmen　came
  round　with　their　stores　of　clothing　and　hardware；　and　displayed　them
  for　sale；　he　eagerly　listened　to　all　that　such　visitors　had　to　tell
  of　the　ongoings　of　the　world　beyond　the　valley。
  The　people　of　the　Knocknalling　district　were　very　poor。　　The　greater
  part　of　them　were　unable　to　support　the　younger　members；　whose　custom
  it　was　to　move　off　elsewhere　in　search　of　a　living　when　they　arrived
  at　working　years；some　to　America；　some　to　the　West　Indies；　and　some
  to　the　manufacturing　districts　of　the　south。　　Whole　families　took
  their　departure　in　this　way；　and　the　few　friendships　which　Kennedy
  formed　amongst　those　of　his　own　age　were　thus　suddenly　snapped；　and
  only　a　great　blank　remained。　　But　he　too　could　follow　their　example；
  and　enter　upon　that　wider　world　in　which　so　many　others　had　ventured
  and　succeeded。　　As　early　as　eight　years　of　age；　his　mother　still
  impressing　upon　her　boys　the　necessity　of　learning　to　work；　John
  gathered　courage　to　say　to　her　that　he　wished　to　leave　home　and
  apprentice　himself　to　some　handicraft　business。　　Having　seen　some
  carpenters　working　in　the　neighbourhood；　with　good　clothes　on　their
  backs；　and　hearing　the　men's　characters　well　spoken　of；　he　thought　it
  would　be　a　fine　thing　to　be　a　carpenter　too；　particularly　as　the
  occupation　would　enable　him　to　move　from　place　to　place　and　see　the
  world。　　He　was　as　yet；　however；　of　too　tender　an　age　to　set　out　on　the
  journey　of　life；　but　when　he　was　about　eleven　years　old；　Adam　Murray；
  one　of　his　most　intimate　acquaintances；　having　gone　off　to　serve　an
  apprenticeship　in　Lancashire　with　Mr。　Cannan　of　Chowbent；　himself　a
  native　of　the　district；　the　event　again　awakened　in　him　a　strong
  desire　to　migrate　from　Knocknalling。　　Others　had　gone　after　Murray；
  James　MacConnel　and　two　or　three　more；　and　at　length；　at　about
  fourteen　years　of　age；　Kennedy　himself　left　his　native　home　for
  Lancashire。　　About　the　time　that　he　set　out；　Paul　Jones　was　ravaging
  the　coasts　of　Galloway；　and　producing　general　consternation
  throughout　the　district。　　Great　excitement　also　prevailed　through　the
  occurrence　of　the　Gordon　riots　in　London；　which　extended　into　remote
  country　places；　and　Kennedy　remembered　being　nearly　frightened　out　of
  his　wits　on　one　occasion　by　a　poor　dominie　whose　school　he　attended；
  who　preached　to　his　boys　about　the　horrors　that　were　coming　upon　the
  land　through　the　introduction　of　Popery。　　The　boy　set　out　for　England
  on　the　2nd　of　February；　1784；　mounted　upon　a　Galloway；　his　little
  package　of　clothes　and　necessaries　strapped　behind　him。　　As　he　passed
  along　the　glen；　recognising　each　familiar　spot；　his　heart　was　in　his
  mouth；　and　he　dared　scarcely　trust　himself　to　look　back。　　The　ground
  was　covered　with　snow；　and　nature　quite　frozen　up。　　He　had　the　company
  of　his　brother　Alexander　as　far　as　the　town　of　New　Galloway；　where　he
  slept　the　first　night。　　The　next　day；　accompanied　by　one　of　his　future
  masters；　Mr。　James　Smith；　a　partner　of　Mr。　Cannan's；　who　had
  originally　entered　his　service　as　a　workman；　they　started　on　ponyback
  for　Dumfries。　　After　a　long　day's　ride；　they　entered　the　town　in　the
  evening；　and　amongst　the　things　which　excited　the　boy's　surprise　were
  the　few　street…lamps　of　the　town；　and　a　waggon　with　four　horses　and
  four　wheels。　　In　his　remote　valley　carts　were　as　yet　unknown；　and　even
  in　Dumfries　itself　they　were　comparative　rarities；　the　common　means
  of　transport　in　the　district　being　what　were　called　〃tumbling　cars。〃
  The　day　after；　they　reached　Longtown；　and　slept　there；　the　boy　noting
  ANOTHER　lamp。　　The　next　stage　was　to　Carlisle；　where　Mr。　Smith；　whose
  firm　had　supplied　a　carding　engine　and　spinning…jenny　to　a　small
  manufacturer　in　the　town；　went　to　〃gate〃　and　trim　them。　　One　was　put
  up　in　a　small　house；　the　other　in　a　small　room；　and　the　sight　of
  these　machines　was　John　Kennedy's　first　introduction　to
  cotton…spinning。　　While　going　up　the　inn…stairs　he　was　amazed　and　not
  a　little　alarmed　at　seeing　two　men　in　armourhe　had　heard　of　the
  battles　between　the　Scots　and　Englishand　believed　these　to　be　some
  of　the　fighting　men；　though　they　proved　to　be　but　effigies。　　Five　more
  days　were　occupied　in　travelling　southward；　the　resting　places　being
  at　Penrith；　Kendal；　Preston；　and　Chorley；　the　two　travellers　arriving
  at　Chowbent　on　Sunday　the　8th　of　February；　1784。　　Mr。　Cannan　seems　to
  have　collected　about　him　a　little　colony　of　Scotsmen；　mostly　from　the
  same　neighbourhood；　and　in　the　evening　there　was　quite　an　assembly　of
  them　at　the　〃Bear's　Paw；〃　where　Kennedy　put　up；　to　hear　the　tidings
  from　their　native　county　brought　by　the　last　new　comer。　　On　the
  following　morning　the　boy　began　his　apprenticeship　as　a　carpenter
  with　the　firm　of　Cannan　and　Smith；　serving　seven　years　for　his　meat
  and　clothing。　　He　applied　himself　to　his　trade；　and　became　a　good；
  steady　workman。　　He　was　thoughtful　and　self…improving；　always
  endeavouring　to　acquire　knowledge　of　new　arts　and　to　obtain　insight
  into　new　machines。　　〃Even　in　early　life；〃　said　he；　in　the　account　of
  his　career　addressed　to　his　children；　〃I　felt　a　strong　desire　to　know
  what　others　knew；　and　was　always　ready　to　communicate　what　little　I
  knew　myself；　and　by　admitting　at　once　my　want　of　education；　I　found
  that　I　often　made　friends　of　those　on　whom　I　had　no　claims　beyond
  what　an　ardent　desire　for　knowledge　could　give　me。〃
  His　apprenticeship　over；　John　Kennedy　commenced　business*
  ＇footnote。。。
  One　of　the　reasons　which　induced　Kennedy　thus　early　to　begin　the
  business　of　mule…spinning　has　been　related　as　follows。　　While　employed
  as　apprentice　at　Chowbent；　he　happened　to　sleep　over　the　master's
  apartment；　and　late　one　evening；　on　the　latter　returning　from　market；
  his　wife　asked　his　success。　　〃I've　sold　the　eightys；〃　said　he；　〃at　a
  guinea　a　pound。〃　　〃What；〃　exclaimed　the　mistress；　in　a　loud　voice；
  〃sold　the　eightys　for　ONLY　a　guinea　a　pound！　　I　never　heard　of　such　a
  thing。〃　　The　apprentice　could　not　help　overhearing　the　remark；　and　it
  set　him　a…thinking。　　He　knew　the　price　of　cotton　and　the　price　of
  labour；　and　concluded　there　must　be　a　very　large　margin　of　profit。　　So
  soon　as　he　was　out　of　his　time；　therefore；　he　determined　that　he
  should　become　a　cotton　spinner。
  。。。＇
  in　a　small　way　in　Manchester　in　1791；　in　conjunction　with　two　other
  workmen；　Sandford　and　MacConnel。　　Their　business　was　machine…making
  and　mule…spinning；　Kennedy　taking　the　direction　of　the　machine
  department。　　The　firm　at　first　put　up　their　mules　for　spinning　in　any
  convenient　garrets　they　could　hire　at　a　low　rental。　　After　some　time；
  they　took　part　of　a　small　factory　in　Canal　Street；　and　carried　on
  their　business　on　a　larger　scale。　　Kennedy　and　MacConnel　afterwards
  occupied　a　little　factory　in　the　same　street；since　removed　to　give
  place　to　Fairbairn's　large　machine　works。　　The　progress　of　the　firm
  was　steady　and　even　rapid；　and　they　went　on　building　mills　and
  extending　their　businessMr。　Kennedy；　as　he　advanced　in　life；
  gathering　honour；　wealth；　and　troops　of　friends。　　Notwithstanding　the
  defects　of　his　early　education；　he　was　one　of　the　few　men　of　his
  class　who　became　distinguished　for　his　literary　labours　in　connexion
  principally　with　the　cotton　trade。　　Towards　the　close　of　his　life；　he
  prepared　several　papers　of　great　interest　for　the　Literary　and
  Philosophical　Society　of　Manchester；　which　are　to　be　found　printed　in
  their　Proceedings；　one　of　these；　on　the　Invention　of　the　Mule　by
  Samuel　Crompton；　was　for　a　long　time　the　only　record　which　the　public
  possessed　of　the　merits　and　claims　of　that　distinguished　inventor。
  His　knowledge　of　the　history　of　the　cotton　manufacture　in　its　various
  stages；　and　of　mechanical　inventions　generally；　was　most　extensive
  and　accurate。　　Among　his　friends　he　numbered　James　Watt；　who　placed
  his　son　in　his　establishment　for　the　purpose　of　acquiring　knowledge
  and　experience　of　his　profession。　　At　a　much　later　period　he　numbered
  George　Stephenson　among　his　friends；　having　been　one　of　the　first
  directors　of　the　Liverpool　and　Manchester　Railway；　and　one　of　the
  three　judges　（selected　because　of　his　sound　judgment　and　proved
  impartiality；　as　well　as　his　knowledge　of　mechanical　engineering）　to
  adjudicate　on　the　celebrated　competition　of　Locomotives　at　Rainhill。
  By　these　successive　steps　did　this　poor　Scotch　boy　become　one　of　the
  leading　men　of　Manchester；　closing　his　long　and　useful　life　in　1855
  at　an　advanced　age；　his　mental　faculties　remaining　clear　and
  unclouded　to　the　last。　　His　departure　from　life　was　happy　and
  tranquilso　easy　that　it　was　for　a　time　doubtful　whether　he　was　dead
  or　asleep。
  To　return　to　Mr。　Fairbairn's　career；　and　his　progress　as　a　millwright
  and　engineer　in　Manchester。　　When　he　and　his　partner　undertook　the
  extensive　alterations　in　Mr。　Murray's　factory；　both　were　in　a　great
  measure　unacquainted　with　the　working　of　cotton…mills；　having　until
  then　been　occupied　princ