secured　this　invention　in　1801；　he　also　proposed　sundry　improvements
  in　the　boilers；　as　well　as　modifications　in　various　parts　of　the
  engine；　with　the　object　of　effecting　greater　simplicity　and
  directness　of　action。
  In　his　patent　of　1802；　we　find　Bramah　making　another　great　stride　in
  mechanical　invention；　in　his　tools　〃for　producing　straight；　smooth；
  and　parallel　surfaces　on　wood　and　other　materials　requiring　truth；　in
  a　manner　much　more　expeditious　and　perfect　than　can　be　performed　by
  the　use　of　axes；　saws；　planes；　and　other　cutting　instruments　used　by
  hand　in　the　ordinary　way。〃　　The　specification　describes　the　object　of
  the　invention　to　be　the　saving　of　manual　labour；　the　reduction　in　the
  cost　of　production；　and　the　superior　character　of　the　work　executed。
  The　tools　were　fixed　on　frames　driven　by　machinery；　some　moving　in　a
  rotary　direction　round　an　upright　shaft；　some　with　the　shaft
  horizontal　like　an　ordinary　wood…turning　lathe；　while　in　others　the
  tools　were　fixed　on　frames　sliding　in　stationary　grooves。　　A
  wood…planing　machine*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Sir　Samuel　Bentham　and　Marc　Isambard　Brunel　subsequently
  distinguished　themselves　by　the　invention　of　wood…working　machinery；
  full　accounts　of　which　will　be　found　in　the　Memoirs　of　the　former　by
  Lady　Bentham；　and　in　the　Life　of　the　latter　by　Mr。　Beamish。
  。。。＇
  was　constructed　on　the　principle　of　this　invention　at　Woolwich
  Arsenal；　where　it　still　continues　in　efficient　use。　　The　axis　of　the
  principal　shaft　was　supported　on　a　piston　in　a　vessel　of　oil；　which
  considerably　diminished　the　friction；　and　it　was　so　contrived　as　to
  be　accurately　regulated　by　means　of　a　small　forcing…pump。　　Although
  the　machinery　described　in　the　patent　was　first　applied　to　working　on
  wood；　it　was　equally　applicable　to　working　on　metals；　and　in　his　own
  shops　at　Pimlico　Bramah　employed　a　machine　with　revolving　cutters　to
  plane　metallic　surfaces　for　his　patent　locks　and　other　articles。　　He
  also　introduced　a　method　of　turning　spherical　surfaces；　either　convex
  or　concave；　by　a　tool　moveable　on　an　axis　perpendicular　to　that　of
  the　lathe；　and　of　cutting　out　concentric　shells　by　fixing　in　a
  similar　manner　a　curved　tool　of　nearly　the　same　form　as　that　employed
  by　common　turners　for　making　bowls。　　〃In　fact；〃　says　Mr。　Mallet；
  〃Bramah　not　only　anticipated；　but　carried　out　upon　a　tolerably　large
  scale　in　his　own　worksfor　the　construction　of　the　patent　hydraulic
  press；　the　water…closet；　and　his　locksa　surprisingly　large
  proportion　of　our　modern　tools。〃*
  ＇footnote。。。
  〃Record　of　the　International　Exhibition；　1862。〃　　Practical　Mechanic's
  Journal；　293。
  。。。＇
  His　remarkable　predilection　in　favour　of　the　use　of　hydraulic
  arrangements　is　displayed　in　his　specification　of　the　surface…planing
  machinery；　which　includes　a　method　of　running　pivots　entirely　on　a
  fluid；　and　raising　and　depressing　them　at　pleasure　by　means　of　a
  small　forcing…pump　and　stop…cock；though　we　are　not　aware　that　any
  practical　use　has　ever　been　made　of　this　part　of　the　invention。
  Bramah's　inventive　genius　displayed　itself　alike　in　small　things　as
  in　greatin　a　tap　wherewith　to　draw　a　glass　of　beer；　and　in　a
  hydraulic　machine　capable　of　tearing　up　a　tree　by　the　roots。　　His
  powers　of　contrivance　seemed　inexhaustible；　and　were　exercised　on　the
  most　various　subjects。　　When　any　difficulty　occurred　which　mechanical
  ingenuity　was　calculated　to　remove；　recourse　was　usually　had　to
  Bramah；　and　he　was　rarely　found　at　a　loss　for　a　contrivance　to
  overcome　it。　　Thus；　when　applied　to　by　the　Bank　of　England　in　1806；　to
  construct　a　machine　for　more　accurately　and　expeditiously　printing
  the　numbers　and　date　lines　on　Bank　notes；　he　at　once　proceeded　to
  invent　the　requisite　model；　which　he　completed　in　the　course　of　a
  month。　　He　subsequently　brought　it　to　great　perfection　the　figures　in
  numerical　succession　being　changed　by　the　action　of　the　machine
  itself；and　it　still　continues　in　regular　use。　　Its　employment　in　the
  Bank　of　England　alone　saved　the　labour　of　a　hundred　clerks；　but　its
  chief　value　consisted　in　its　greater　accuracy；　the　perfect　legibility
  of　the　figures　printed　by　it；　and　the　greatly　improved　check　which　it
  afforded。
  We　next　find　him　occupying　himself　with　inventions　connected　with　the
  manufacture　of　pens　and　paper。　　His　little　pen…making　machine　for
  readily　making　quill　pens　long　continued　in　use；　until　driven　out　by
  the　invention　of　the　steel　pen；　but　his　patent　for　making　paper　by
  machinery；　though　ingenious；　like　everything　he　did；　does　not　seem　to
  have　been　adopted；　the　inventions　of　Fourdrinier　and　Donkin　in　this
  direction　having　shortly　superseded　all　others。　　Among　his　other　minor
  inventions　may　be　mentioned　his　improved　method　of　constructing　and
  sledging　carriage…wheels；　and　his　improved　method　of　laying
  water…pipes。　　In　his　specification　of　the　last…mentioned　invention；　he
  included　the　application　of　water…power　to　the　driving　of　machinery
  of　every　description；　and　for　hoisting　and　lowering　goods　in　docks
  and　warehouses；since　carried　out　in　practice；　though　in　a　different
  manner；　by　Sir　William　Armstrong。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  In　this；　as　in　other　methods　of　employing　power；　the　moderns　had　been
  anticipated　by　the　ancients；　and　though　hydraulic　machinery　is　a
  comparatively　recent　invention　in　England；　it　had　long　been　in　use
  abroad。　　Thus　we　find　in　Dr。　Bright's　Travels　in　Lower　Hungary　a　full
  description　of　the　powerful　hydraulic　machinery　invented　by　M。　Holl；
  Chief　Engineer　of　the　Imperial　Mines；　which　had　been　in　use　since　the
  year　1749；　in　pumping　water　from　a　depth　of　1800　feet；　from　the
  silver　and　gold　mines　of　Schemnitz　and　Kremnitz。　　A　head　of　water　was
  collected　by　forming　a　reservoir　along　the　mountain　side；　from　which
  it　was　conducted　through　water…tight　cast…iron　pipes　erected
  perpendicularly　in　the　mine…shaft。　　About　forty…five　fathoms　down；　the
  water　descending　through　the　pipe　was　forced　by　the　weight　of　the
  column　above　it　into　the　bottom　of　a　perpendicular　cylinder；　in　which
  it　raised　a　water…tight　piston。　　When　forced　up　to　a　given　point　a
  self…acting　stop…cock　shut　off　the　pressure　of　the　descending　column；
  while　a　self…acting　valve　enabled　the　water　contained　in　the　cylinder
  to　be　discharged；　on　which　the　piston　again　descended；　and　the
  process　was　repeated　like　the　successive　strokes　of　a　steam…engine。
  Pump…rods　were　attached　to　this　hydraulic　apparatus；　which　were
  carried　to　the　bottom　of　the　shaft；　and　each　worked　a　pump　at
  different　levels；　raising　the　water　stage　by　stage　to　the　level　of
  the　main　adit。　　The　pumps　of　these　three　several　stages　each　raised
  1790　cubic　feet　of　water　from　a　depth　of　600　feet　in　the　hour。　　The
  regular　working　of　the　machinery　was　aided　by　the　employment　of　a
  balance…beam　connected　by　a　chain　with　the　head　of　the　large　piston
  and　pump…rods；　and　the　whole　of　these　powerful　machines　by　means　of
  three　of　which　as　much　as　789；840　gallons　of　water　were　pumped　out　of
  the　mines　every　24　hours　　were　set　in　operation　and　regulated
  merely　by　the　turning　of　a　stopcock。　　It　will　be　observed　that　the
  arrangement　thus　briefly　described　was　equally　applicable　to　the
  working　of　machinery　of　all　kinds；　cranes；　&c。；　as　well　as　pumps；　and
  it　will　be　noted　that；　notwithstanding　the　ingenuity　of　Bramah；
  Armstrong；　and　other　eminent　English　mechanics；　the　Austrian　engineer
  Holl　was　thus　decidedly　beforehand　with　them　in　the　practical
  application　of　the　principles　of　hydrostatics。
  。。。＇
  In　this；　as　in　many　other　matters；　Bramah　shot　ahead　of　the
  mechanical　necessities　of　his　time；　and　hence　many　of　his　patents　（of
  which　he　held　at　one　time　more　than　twenty）　proved　altogether
  profitless。　　His　last　patent；　taken　out　in　1814；　was　for　the
  application　of　Roman　cement　to　timber　for　the　purpose　of　preventing
  dry　rot。
  Besides　his　various　mechanical　pursuits；　Bramah　also　followed　to　a
  certain　extent　the　profession　of　a　civil　engineer；　though　his　more
  urgent　engagements　rendered　it　necessary　for　him　to　refuse　many
  advantageous　offers　of　employment　in　this　line。　　He　was；　however；　led
  to　carry　out　the　new　water…works　at　Norwich；　between　the　years　l790
  and　l793；　in　consequence　of　his　having　been　called　upon　to　give
  evidence　in　a　dispute　between　the　corporation　of　that　city　and　the
  lessees；　in　the　course　of　which　he　propounded　plans　which；　it　was
  alleged；　could　not　be　carried　out。　　To　prove　that　they　could　be
  carried　out；　and　that　his　evidence　was　correct；　he　undertook　the　new
  works；　and　executed　them　with　complete　success；　besides　demonstrating
  in　a　spirited　publication　elicited　by　the　controversy；　the
  insufficiency　and　incongruity　of　the　plans　which　had　been　submitted
  by　the　rival　engineer。
  For　some　time　prior　to　his　death　Bramah　had　been　employed　in　the
  erection　of　several　large　machines　in　his　works　at　Pimlico　for　sawing
  stone　and　timber；　to　which　he　applied　his　hydraulic　power　with　great
  success。　　New　methods　of　b