thing　to　invent；　said　Sir　Marc　Brunel；　and　another　thing　to　make　the
  invention　work。　　Thus　when　Watt；　after　long　labour　and　study；　had
  brought　his　invention　to　completion；　he　encountered　an　obstacle　which
  has　stood　in　the　way　of　other　inventors；　and　for　a　time　prevented　the
  introduction　of　their　improvements；　if　not　led　to　their　being　laid
  aside　and　abandoned。　　This　was　the　circumstance　that　the　machine
  projected　was　so　much　in　advance　of　the　mechanical　capability　of　the
  age　that　it　was　with　the　greatest　difficulty　it　could　be　executed。
  When　labouring　upon　his　invention　at　Glasgow；　Watt　was　baffled　and
  thrown　into　despair　by　the　clumsiness　and　incompetency　of　his
  workmen。　　Writing　to　Dr。　Roebuck　on　one　occasion；　he　said；　〃You　ask
  what　is　the　principal　hindrance　in　erecting　engines？　It　is　always　the
  smith…work。〃　　His　first　cylinder　was　made　by　a　whitesmith；　of　hammered
  iron　soldered　together；　but　having　used　quicksilver　to　keep　the
  cylinder　air…tight；　it　dropped　through　the　inequalities　into　the
  interior；　and　〃played　the　devil　with　the　solder。〃　　Yet；　inefficient
  though　the　whitesmith　was；　Watt　could　ill　spare　him；　and　we　find　him
  writing　to　Dr。　Roebuck　almost　in　despair；　saying；　〃My　old　white…iron
  man　is　dead！〃　feeling　his　loss　to　be　almost　irreparable。　　His　next
  cylinder　was　cast　and　bored　at　Carron；　but　it　was　so　untrue　that　it
  proved　next　to　useless。　　The　piston　could　not　be　kept　steam　tight；
  notwithstanding　the　various　expedients　which　were　adopted　of　stuffing
  it　with　paper；　cork；　putty；　pasteboard；　and　old　hat。　　Even　after　Watt
  had　removed　to　Birmingham；　and　he　had　the　assistance　of　Boulton's
  best　workmen；　Smeaton　expressed　the　opinion；　when　he　saw　the　engine
  at　work；　that　notwithstanding　the　excellence　of　the　invention；　it
  could　never　be　brought　into　general　use　because　of　the　difficulty　of
  getting　its　various　parts　manufactured　with　sufficient　precision。　　For
  a　long　time　we　find　Watt；　in　his　letters；　complaining　to　his　partner
  of　the　failure　of　his　engines　through　〃villainous　bad　workmanship。〃
  Sometimes　the　cylinders；　when　cast；　were　found　to　be　more　than　an
  eighth　of　an　inch　wider　at　one　end　than　the　other；　and　under　such
  circumstances　it　was　impossible　the　engine　could　act　with　precision。
  Yet　better　work　could　not　be　had。　　First…rate　workmen　in　machinery　did
  not　as　yet　exist；　they　were　only　in　process　of　education。　　Nearly
  everything　had　to　be　done　by　hand。　　The　tools　used　were　of　a　very
  imperfect　kind。　　A　few　ill…constructed　lathes；　with　some　drills　and
  boring…machines　of　a　rude　sort；　constituted　the　principal　furniture
  of　the　workshop。　　Years　after；　when　Brunel　invented　his
  block…machines；　considerable　time　elapsed　before　he　could　find
  competent　mechanics　to　construct　them；　and　even　after　they　had　been
  constructed　he　had　equal　difficulty　in　finding　competent　hands　to
  work　them。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  BEAMISH'S　Memoir　of　Sir　I。　M。　Brunel；　79；　80。
  。。。＇
  Watt　endeavoured　to　remedy　the　defect　by　keeping　certain　sets　of
  workmen　to　special　classes　of　work；　allowing　them　to　do　nothing　else。
  Fathers　were　induced　to　bring　up　their　sons　at　the　same　bench　with
  themselves；　and　initiate　them　in　the　dexterity　which　they　had
  acquired　by　experience；　and　at　Soho　it　was　not　unusual　for　the　same
  precise　line　of　work　to　be　followed　by　members　of　the　same　family　for
  three　generations。　　In　this　way　as　great　a　degree　of　accuracy　of　a
  mechanical　kind　was　arrived　at　was　practicable　under　the
  circumstances。　　But　notwithstanding　all　this　care；　accuracy　of　fitting
  could　not　be　secured　so　long　as　the　manufacture　of　steam…engines　was
  conducted　mainly　by　hand。　　There　was　usually　a　considerable　waste　of
  steam；　which　the　expedients　of　chewed　paper　and　greased　hat　packed
  outside　the　piston　were　insufficient　to　remedy；　and　it　was　not　until
  the　invention　of　automatic　machine…tools　by　the　mechanical　engineers
  about　to　be　mentioned；　that　the　manufacture　of　the　steam…engine
  became　a　matter　of　comparative　ease　and　certainty。　　Watt　was　compelled
  to　rest　satisfied　with　imperfect　results；　arising　from　imperfect
  workmanship。　　Thus；　writing　to　Dr。　Small　respecting　a　cylinder　18
  inches　in　diameter；　he　said；　〃at　the　worst　place　the　long　diameter
  exceeded　the　short　by　only　three…eighths　of　an　inch。〃　　How　different
  from　the　state　of　things　at　this　day；　when　a　cylinder　five　feet　wide
  will　be　rejected　as　a　piece　of　imperfect　workmanship　if　it　be　found
  to　vary　in　any　part　more　than　the　80th　part　of　an　inch　in　diameter！
  Not　fifty　years　since　it　was　a　matter　of　the　utmost　difficulty　to　set
  an　engine　to　work；　and　sometimes　of　equal　difficulty　to　keep　it
  going。　　Though　fitted　by　competent　workmen；　it　often　would　not　go　at
  all。　　Then　the　foreman　of　the　factory　at　which　it　was　made　was　sent
  for；　and　he　would　almost　live　beside　the　engine　for　a　month　or　more；
  and　after　easing　her　here　and　screwing　her　up　there；　putting　in　a　new
  part　and　altering　an　old　one；　packing　the　piston　and　tightening　the
  valves；　the　machine　would　at　length　begot　to　work。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  There　was　the　same　clumsiness　in　all　kinds　of　mill…work　before　the
  introduction　of　machine…tools。　　We　have　heard　of　a　piece　of　machinery
  of　the　old　school；　the　wheels　of　which；　when　set　to　work；　made　such　a
  clatter　that　the　owner　feared　the　engine　would　fall　to　pieces。　　The
  foreman　who　set　it　agoing；　after　working　at　it　until　he　was　almost　in
  despair；　at　last　gave　it　up；　saving；　〃I　think　we　had　better　leave　the
  cogs　to　settle　their　differences　with　one　another：　　they　will　grind
  themselves　right　in　time！〃
  。。。＇
  Now　the　case　is　altogether　different。　　The　perfection　of　modern
  machine…tools　is　such　that　the　utmost　possible　precision　is　secured；
  and　the　mechanical　engineer　can　calculate　on　a　degree　of　exactitude
  that　does　not　admit　of　a　deviation　beyond　the　thousandth　part　of　an
  inch。　　When　the　powerful　oscillating　engines　of　the　'Warrior'　were　put
  on　board　that　ship；　the　parts；　consisting　of　some　five　thousand
  separate　pieces；　were　brought　from　the　different　workshops　of　the
  Messrs。　Penn　and　Sons；　where　they　had　been　made　by　workmen　who　knew
  not　the　places　they　were　to　occupy；　and　fitted　together　with　such
  precision　that　so　soon　as　the　steam　was　raised　and　let　into　the
  cylinders；　the　immense　machine　began　as　if　to　breathe　and　move　like　a
  living　creature；　stretching　its　huge　arms　like　a　new…born　giant；　and
  then；　after　practising　its　strength　a　little　and　proving　its
  soundness　in　body　and　limb；　it　started　off　with　the　power　of　above　a
  thousand　horses　to　try　its　strength　in　breasting　the　billows　of　the
  North　Sea。
  Such　are　among　the　triumphs　of　modern　mechanical　engineering；　due　in
  a　great　measure　to　the　perfection　of　the　tools　by　means　of　which　all
  works　in　metal　are　now　fashioned。　　These　tools　are　themselves　among
  the　most　striking　results　of　the　mechanical　invention　of　the　day。
  They　are　automata　of　the　most　perfect　kind；　rendering　the　engine　and
  machine…maker　in　a　great　measure　independent　of　inferior　workmen。　　For
  the　machine　tools　have　no　unsteady　hand；　are　not　careless　nor　clumsy；
  do　not　work　by　rule　of　thumb；　and　cannot　make　mistakes。　　They　will
  repeat　their　operations　a　thousand　times　without　tiring；　or　varying
  one　hair's　breadth　in　their　action；　and　will　turn　out；　without
  complaining；　any　quantity　of　work；　all　of　like　accuracy　and　finish。
  Exercising　as　they　do　so　remarkable　an　influence　on　the　development
  of　modem　industry；　we　now　propose；　so　far　as　the　materials　at　our
  disposal　will　admit；　to　give　an　account　of　their　principal　inventors；
  beginning　with　the　school　of　Bramah。
  CHAPTER　XI。
  JOSEPH　BRAMAH。
  〃The　great　Inventor　is　one　who　has　walked　forth　upon　the　industrial
  world；　not　from　universities；　but　from　hovels；　not　as　clad　in　silks
  and　decked　with　honours；　but　as　clad　in　fustian　and　grimed　with　soot
  and　oil。〃ISAAC　TAYLOR；　Ultimate　Civilization。
  The　inventive　faculty　is　so　strong　in　some　men　that　it　may　be　said　to
  amount　to　a　passion；　and　cannot　be　restrained。　　The　saying　that　the
  poet　is　born；　not　made；　applies　with　equal　force　to　the　inventor；
  who；　though　indebted　like　the　other　to　culture　and　improved
  opportunities；　nevertheless　invents　and　goes　on　inventing　mainly　to
  gratify　his　own　instinct。　　The　inventor；　however；　is　not　a　creator
  like　the　poet；　but　chiefly　a　finder…out。　　His　power　consists　in　a
  great　measure　in　quick　perception　and　accurate　observation；　and　in
  seeing　and　foreseeing　the　effects　of　certain　mechanical　combinations。
  He　must　possess　the　gift　of　insight；　as　well　as　of　manual　dexterity；
  combined　with　the　indispensable　qualities　of　patience　and
  perseverance；for　though　baffled；　as　he　often　is；　he　must　be　ready
  to　rise　up　again　unconquered　even　in　the　moment　of　defeat。　　This　is
  the　stuff　of　which　the　greatest　inventors　have　been　made。　　The　subject
  of　the　following　memoir　may　not　be　entitled　to　take　rank　as　a
  first…class　inventor；　though　he　was　a　most　prolific　one；　but；　as　the