fear　of　the　credulous；　a　long　time　elapsed　before　it　became　employed
  as　a　useful　motive…power。　　The　inquiries　and　experiments　on　the
  subject　extended　through　many　ages。　　Friar　Bacon；　who　flourished　in
  the　thirteenth　century；　seems　fully　to　have　anticipated；　in　the
  following　remarkable　passage；　nearly　all　that　steam　could　accomplish；
  as　well　as　the　hydraulic　engine　and　the　diving…bell；　though　the
  flying　machine　yet　remains　to　be　invented：
  〃I　will　now；〃　says　the　Friar；　〃mention　some　of　the　wonderful　works　of
  art　and　nature　in　which　there　is　nothing　of　magic；　and　which　magic
  could　not　perform。　　Instruments　may　be　made　by　which　the　largest
  ships；　with　only　one　man　guiding　them；　will　be　carried　with　greater
  velocity　than　if　they　were　full　of　sailors。　　Chariots　may　be
  constructed　that　will　move　with　incredible　rapidity；　without　the　help
  of　animals。　　Instruments　of　flying　may　be　formed；　in　which　a　man；
  sitting　at　his　ease　and　meditating　on　any　subject；　may　beat　the　air
  with　his　artificial　wings；　after　the　manner　of　birds。　　A　small
  instrument　may　be　made　to　raise　or　depress　the　greatest　weights。　　An
  instrument　may　be　fabricated　by　which　one　man　may　draw　a　thousand　men
  to　him　by　force　and　against　their　will；　as　also　machines　which　will
  enable　men　to　walk　at　the　bottom　of　seas　or　rivers　without　danger。〃
  It　is　possible　that　Friar　Bacon　derived　his　knowledge　of　the　powers
  which　he　thus　described　from　the　traditions　handed　down　of　former
  inventions　which　had　been　neglected　and　allowed　to　fall　into
  oblivion；　for　before　the　invention　of　printing；　which　enabled　the
  results　of　investigation　and　experience　to　be　treasured　up　in　books；
  there　was　great　risk　of　the　inventions　of　one　age　being　lost　to　the
  succeeding　generations。　　Yet　Disraeli　the　elder　is　of　opinion　that　the
  Romans　had　invented　printing　without　being　aware　of　it；　or　perhaps
  the　senate　dreaded　the　inconveniences　attending　its　use；　and　did　not
  care　to　deprive　a　large　body　of　scribes　of　their　employment。　　They
  even　used　stereotypes；　or　immovable　printing…types；　to　stamp
  impressions　on　their　pottery；　specimens　of　which　still　exist。　　In
  China　the　art　of　printing　is　of　great　antiquity。　　Lithography　was　well
  known　in　Germany；　by　the　very　name　which　it　still　bears；　nearly　three
  hundred　years　before　Senefelder　reinvented　it；　and　specimens　of　the
  ancient　art　are　yet　to　be　seen　in　the　Royal　Museum　at　Munich。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  EDOUARD　FOURNIER；　Vieux…Neuf；　i。　339。
  。。。＇
  Steam…locomotion　by　sea　and　land；　had　long　been　dreamt　of　and
  attempted。　　Blasco　de　Garay　made　his　experiment　in　the　harbour　of
  Barcelona　as　early　as　1543；　Denis　Papin　made　a　similar　attempt　at
  Cassel　in　1707；　but　it　was　not　until　Watt　had　solved　the　problem　of
  the　steam…engine　that　the　idea　of　the　steam…boat　could　be　developed
  in　practice；　which　was　done　by　Miller　of　Dalswinton　in　1788。　　Sages
  and　poets　have　frequently　foreshadowed　inventions　of　great　social
  moment。　　Thus　Dr。　Darwin's　anticipation　of　the　locomotive；　in　his
  Botanic　Garden；　published　in　1791；　before　any　locomotive　had　been
  invented；　might　almost　be　regarded　as　prophetic：
  Soon　shall　thy　arm；　unconquered　Steam！　afar
  Drag　the　slow　barge；　and　drive　the　rapid　car。
  Denis　Papin　first　threw　out　the　idea　of　atmospheric　locomotion；　and
  Gauthey；　another　Frenchman；　in　1782　projected　a　method　of　conveying
  parcels　and　merchandise　by　subterraneous　tubes；*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Memoires　de　l'　Academie　des　Sciences；　6　Feb。　1826。
  。。。＇
  after　the　method　recently　patented　and　brought　into　operation　by　the
  London　Pneumatic　Despatch　Company。　　The　balloon　was　an　ancient　Italian
  invention；　revived　by　Mongolfier　long　after　the　original　had　been
  forgotten。　　Even　the　reaping　machine　is　an　old　invention　revived。　　Thus
  Barnabe　Googe；　the　translator　of　a　book　from　the　German　entitled　'The
  whole　Arte　and　Trade　of　Husbandrie；'　published　in　1577；　in　the　reign
  of　Elizabeth；　speaks　of　the　reaping…machine　as　a　worn…out
  inventiona　thing　〃which　was　woont　to　be　used　in　France。　　The　device
  was　a　lowe　kinde　of　carre　with　a　couple　of　wheeles；　and　the　frunt
  armed　with　sharpe　syckles；　whiche；　forced　by　the　beaste　through　the
  corne；　did　cut　down　al　before　it。　　This　tricke；〃　says　Googe；　〃might　be
  used　in　levell　and　champion　countreys；　but　with　us　it　wolde　make　but
  ill…favoured　woorke。〃*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Farmer's　Magazine；　1817；　No。　ixxi。　291。
  。。。＇
  The　Thames　Tunnel　was　thought　an　entirely　new　manifestation　of
  engineering　genius；　but　the　tunnel　under　the　Euphrates　at　ancient
  Babylon；　and　that　under　the　wide　mouth　of　the　harbour　at　Marseilles
  （a　much　more　difficult　work）；　show　that　the　ancients　were　beforehand
  with　us　in　the　art　of　tunnelling。　　Macadamized　roads　are　as　old　as　the
  Roman　empire；　and　suspension　bridges；　though　comparatively　new　in
  Europe；　have　been　known　in　China　for　centuries。
  There　is　every　reason　to　believeindeed　it　seems　clear　that　the
  Romans　knew　of　gunpowder；　though　they　only　used　it　for　purposes　of
  fireworks；　while　the　secret　of　the　destructive　Greek　fire　has　been
  lost　altogether。　　When　gunpowder　came　to　be　used　for　purposes　of　war；
  invention　busied　itself　upon　instruments　of　destruction。　　When
  recently　examining　the　Museum　of　the　Arsenal　at　Venice；　we　were
  surprised　to　find　numerous　weapons　of　the　fifteenth　and　sixteenth
  centuries　embodying　the　most　recent　English　improvements　in　arms；
  such　as　revolving　pistols；　rifled　muskets；　and　breech…loading　cannon。
  The　latter；　embodying　Sir　William　Armstrong's　modem　idea；　though　in　a
  rude　form；　had　been　fished　up　from　the　bottom　of　the　Adriatic；　where
  the　ship　armed　with　them　had　been　sunk　hundreds　of　years　ago。　　Even
  Perkins's　steam…gun　was　an　old　invention　revived　by　Leonardo　da　Vinci
  and　by　him　attributed　to　Archimedes。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Vieux…Neuf；　i。　228；　Inventa　Nova…Antiqua；　742。
  。。。＇
  The　Congreve　rocket　is　said　to　have　an　Eastern　origin；　Sir　William
  Congreve　having　observed　its　destructive　effects　when　employed　by　the
  forces　under　Tippoo　Saib　in　the　Mahratta　war；　on　which　he　adopted　and
  improved　the　missile；　and　brought　out　the　invention　as　his　own。
  Coal…gas　was　regularly　used　by　the　Chinese　for　lighting　purposes　long
  before　it　was　known　amongst　us。　　Hydropathy　was　generally　practised　by
  the　Romans；　who　established　baths　wherever　they　went。　　Even　chloroform
  is　no　new　thing。　　The　use　of　ether　as　an　anaesthetic　was　known　to
  Albertus　Magnus；　who　flourished　in　the　thirteenth　century；　and　in　his
  works　he　gives　a　recipe　for　its　preparation。　　In　1681　Denis　Papin
  published　his　Traite　des　Operations　sans　Douleur；　showing　that　he　had
  discovered　methods　of　deadening　pain。　　But　the　use　of　anaesthetics　is
  much　older　than　Albertus　Magnus　or　Papin；　for　the　ancients　had　their
  nepenthe　and　mandragora；　the　Chinese　their　mayo；　and　the　Egyptians
  their　hachisch　（both　preparations　of　Cannabis　Indica）；　the　effects　of
  which　in　a　great　measure　resemble　those　of　chloroform。　　What　is
  perhaps　still　more　surprising　is　the　circumstance　that　one　of　the
  most　elegant　of　recent　inventions；　that　of　sun…painting　by　the
  daguerreotype；　was　in　the　fifteenth　century　known　to　Leonardo　da
  Vinci；*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Vieux…Neuf；　i。　19。　　See　also　Inventa　Nova…Antiqua；　803。
  。。。＇
  whose　skill　as　an　architect　and　engraver；　and　whose　accomplishments
  as　a　chemist　and　natural　philosopher；　have　been　almost　entirely
  overshadowed　by　his　genius　as　a　painter。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Mr。　Hallam；　in　his　Introduction　to　the　History　of　Europe；　pronounces
  the　following　remarkable　eulogium　on　this　extraordinary　genius：
  〃If　any　doubt　could　be　harboured；　not　only　as　to　the　right　of
  Leonardo　da　Vinci　to　stand　as　'the　first　name　of　the　fifteenth
  century；　which　is　beyond　all　doubt；　but　as　to　his　originality　in　so
  many　discoveries；　which　probably　no　one　man；　especially　in　such
  circumstances；　has　ever　made；　it　must　be　on　an　hypothesis　not　very
  untenable；　that　some　parts　of　physical　science　had　already　attained　a
  height　which　mere　books　do　not　record。〃　　〃Unpublished　MSS。　　by　Leonado
  contain　discoveries　and　anticipations　of　discoveries；〃　says　Mr。
  Hallam；　〃within　the　compass　of　a　few　pages；　so　as　to　strike　us　with
  something　like　the　awe　of　preternatural　knowledge。〃
  。。。＇
  The　idea；　thus　early　born；　lay　in　oblivion　until　1760；　when　the
  daguerreotype　was　again　clearly　indicated　in　a　book　published　in
  Paris；　written　by　a　certain　Tiphanie　de　la　Roche；　under　the
  anagrammatic　title　of　Giphantie。　　Still　later；　at　the　beginning　of　the
  present　century；　we　find　Thomas　Wedgwood；　Sir　Humphry　Davy；　and　James
  Watt；　making　experiments　on　the　action　of　light　upon　nitrate　of
  silver；　and　only　within　the　last　few　months　a　silvered　copper…plate
  has　been　found　amongst　the　old　household　lumber　of　Matthew　Boulton
  （Watt's　partner）；　having　on　it　a　representation　of　the　old　premises
  at　Soho；　apparently　taken　by　some　such　process。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  The　plate　is　now　to　be　seen　at　the　Museum　of　Patents　at