air…pipe　as　it　entered　the　furnace　against　the　action　of　the　intense
  heat　to　which　it　was　subjected；　a　spiral　pipe　for　a　stream　of　cold
  water　constantly　to　play　in　has　been　introduced　within　the　sides　of
  the　iron　tuyere　through　which　the　nozzle　passes；　by　which　means　the
  tuyere　is　kept　comparatively　cool；　while　the　nozzle　of　the　air…pipe
  is　effectually　protected。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  The　invention　of　the　tubular　air…vessels　and　the　water…tuyere
  belongs；　we　believe；　to　Mr。　John　Condie；　sometime　manager　of　the
  Blair　Iron　Works。
  。。。＇
  This　valuable　invention　did　not　escape　the　usual　fate　of　successful
  patents；　and　it　was　on　several　occasions　the　subject　of　protracted
  litigation。　　The　first　action　occurred　in　1832；　but　the　objectors
  shortly　gave　in；　and　renewed　their　licence。　　In　1839；　when　the　process
  had　become　generally　adopted　throughout　Scotland；　and；　indeed；　was
  found　absolutely　essential　for　smelting　the　peculiar　ores　of　that
  countrymore　especially　Mushet's　Black　Banda　powerful　combination
  was　formed　amongst　the　ironmasters　to　resist　the　patent。　　The
  litigation　which　ensued　extended　over　five　years；　during　which　period
  some　twenty　actions　were　proceeding　in　Scotland；　and　several　in
  England。　　Three　juries　sat　upon　the　subject　at　different　times；　and　on
  three　occasions　appeals　were　carried　to　the　House　of　Lords。　　One　jury
  trial　occupied　ten　days；　during　which　a　hundred　and　two　witnesses
  were　examined；　the　law　costs　on　both　sides　amounting；　it　is　supposed；
  to　at　least　40；000L。　　The　result　was；　that　the　novelty　and　merit　of
  Mr。　Neilson's　invention　were　finally　established；　and　he　was　secured
  in　the　enjoyment　of　the　patent　right。
  We　are　gratified　to　add；　that；　though　Mr。　Neilson　had　to　part　with
  two…thirds　of　the　profits　of　the　invention　to　secure　the　capital　and
  influence　necessary　to　bring　it　into　general　use；　he　realized
  sufficient　to　enable　him　to　enjoy　the　evening　of　his　life　in　peace
  and　comfort。　　He　retired　from　active　business　to　an　estate　which　he
  purchased　in　1851　in　the　Stewartry　of　Kirkcudbright；　where　he　is
  found　ready　to　lend　a　hand　in　every　good　workwhether　in
  agricultural　improvement；　railway　extension；　or　the　moral　and　social
  good　of　those　about　him。　　Mindful　of　the　success　of　his　Workmen's
  Institution　at　the　Glasgow　Gas…Works；　he　has；　almost　at　his　own　door；
  erected　a　similar　Institution　for　the　use　of　the　parish　in　which　his
  property　is　situated；　the　beneficial　effects　of　which　have　been　very
  marked　in　the　district。　　We　may　add　that　Mr。　Neilson's　merits　have
  been　recognised　by　many　eminent　bodiesby　the　Institution　of　Civil
  Engineers；　the　Chemical　Society；　and　othersthe　last　honour
  conferred　on　him　being　his　election　as　a　Member　of　the　Royal　Society
  in　1846。
  The　invention　of　the　hot　blast；　in　conjunction　with　the　discovery　of
  the　Black　Band　ironstone；　has　had　an　extra　ordinary　effect　upon　the
  development　of　the　iron…manufacture　of　Scotland。　　The　coals　of　that
  country　are　generally　unfit　for　coking；　and　lose　as　much　as　55　per
  cent。　　in　the　process。　　But　by　using　the　hot　blast；　the　coal　could　be
  sent　to　the　blast…furnace　in　its　raw　state；　by　which　a　large　saving
  of　fuel　was　effected。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Mr。　Mushet　says；　〃The　greatest　produce　in　iron　per　furnace　with　the
  Black　Band　and　cold　blast　never　exceeded　60　tons　a…week。　　The　produce
  per　furnace　now　averages　90　tons　a…week。　　Ten　tons　of　this　I　attribute
  to　the　use　of　raw　pit…coal；　and　the　other　twenty　tons　to　the　use　of
  hot　blast。〃　　＇Papers　on　Iron　and　Steel；　127。＇　The　produce　per　furnace
  is　now　200　tons　a…week　and　upwards。　　The　hot　blast　process　was
  afterwards　applied　to　the　making　of　iron　with　the　anthracite　or　stone
  coal　of　Wales；　for　which　a　patent　was　taken　out　by　George　Crane　in
  1836。　　Before　the　hot　blast　was　introduced；　anthracite　coal　would　not
  act　as　fuel　in　the　blast…furnace。　　When　put　in；　it　merely　had　the
  effect　of　putting　the　fire　out。　　With　the　aid　of　the　hot　blast；
  however；　it　now　proves　to　be　a　most　valuable　fuel　in　smelting。
  。。。＇
  Even　coals　of　an　inferior　quality　were　by　its　means　made　available
  for　the　manufacture　of　iron。　　But　one　of　the　peculiar　qualities　of　the
  Black　Band　ironstone　is　that　in　many　cases　it　contains　sufficient
  coaly　matter　for　purposes　of　calcination；　without　any　admixture　of
  coal　whatever。　　Before　its　discovery；　all　the　iron　manufactured　in
  Scotland　was　made　from　clay…band；　but　the　use　of　the　latter　has　in　a
  great　measure　been　discontinued　wherever　a　sufficient　supply　of　Black
  Band　can　be　obtained。　　And　it　is　found　to　exist　very　extensively　in
  most　of　the　midland　Scotch　counties；the　coal　and　iron　measures
  stretching　in　a　broad　belt　from　the　Firth　of　Forth　to　the　Irish
  Channel　at　the　Firth　of　Clyde。　　At　the　time　when　the　hot　blast　was
  invented；　the　fortunes　of　many　of　the　older　works　were　at　a　low　ebb；
  and　several　of　them　had　been　discontinued；　but　they　were　speedily
  brought　to　life　again　wherever　Black　Band　could　be　found。　　In　1829；
  the　year　after　Neilson's　patent　was　taken　out；　the　total　make　of
  Scotland　was　29；000　tons。　　As　fresh　discoveries　of　the　mineral　were
  made；　in　Ayrshire　and　Lanarkshire；　new　works　were　erected；　until；　in
  1845；　we　find　the　production　of　Scotch　pig…iron　had　increased　to
  475；000　tons。　　It　has　since　increased　to　upwards　of　a　million　of　tons；
  nineteen…twentieths　of　which　are　made　from　Black　Band　ironstone。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  It　is　stated　in　the　North　British　Review　for　Nov。　1845；　that　〃As　in
  Scotland　every　furnacewith　the　exception　of　one　at　Carronnow　uses
  the　hot　blast　the　saving　on　our　present　produce　of　400；000　tons　of
  pig…iron　is　2；000；000　tons　of　coals；　200；000　tons　of　limestone；　and
  #650；000　sterling　per　annum。〃　　But　as　the　Scotch　produce　is　now　above
  a　million　tons　of　pig…iron　a　year；　the　above　figures　will　have　to　be
  multiplied　by　2　1/2　to　give　the　present　annual　savings。
  。。。＇
  Employment　has　thus　been　given　to　vast　numbers　of　our　industrial
  population；　and　the　wealth　and　resources　of　the　Scotch　iron　districts
  have　been　increased　to　an　extraordinary　extent。　　During　the　last　year
  there　were　125　furnaces　in　blast　throughout　Scotland；　each　employing
  about　400　men　in　making　an　average　of　200　tons　a　week；　and　the　money
  distributed　amongst　the　workmen　may　readily　be　computed　from　the　fact
  that；　under　the　most　favourable　circumstances；　the　cost　of　making
  iron　in　wages　alone　amounts　to　36s。　a…ton。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Papers　read　by　Mr。　Ralph　Moore；　Mining　Engineer；　Glasgow；　before　the
  Royal　Scottish　Society　of　Arts；　Edin。　　1861；　pp。　13；　14。
  。。。＇
  An　immense　additional　value　was　given　to　all　land　in　which　the　Black
  Band　was　found。　　Mr。　Mushet　mentions　that　in　1839　the　proprietor　of
  the　Airdrie　estate　derived　a　royalty　of　16；500L。　from　the　mineral；
  which　had　not　before　its　discovery　yielded　him　one　farthing。　　At　the
  same　time；　many　fortunes　have　been　made　by　pushing　and　energetic　men
  who　have　of　late　years　entered　upon　this　new　branch　of　industry。
  Amongst　these　may　be　mentioned　the　Bairds　of　Gartsherrie；　who　vie
  with　the　Guests　and　Crawshays　of　South　Wales；　and　have　advanced
  themselves　in　the　course　of　a　very　few　years　from　the　station　of
  small　farmers　to　that　of　great　capitalists　owning　estates　in　many
  counties；　holding　the　highest　character　commercial　men；　and　ranking
  among　the　largest　employers　of　labour　in　the　kingdom。
  CHAPTER　X。
  MECHANICAL　INVENTIONS　AND　INVENTORS。
  〃L'invention　nest…elle　pas　la　poesie　de　la　science？　。　　。　　。　　Toutes　les
  grandes　decouvertes　portent　avec　elles　la　trace　ineffacable　d'une
  pensee　poetique。　　ll　faut　etre　poete　pour　creer。　　Aussi；　sommes…nous
  convaincus　que　si　les　puissantes　machines；　veritable　source　de　la
  production　et　de　l'industrie　de　nos　jours；　doivent　recevoir　des
  modifications　radicales；　ce　sera　a　des　hommes　d'imagination；　et　non
  point　a　dea　hommes　purement　speciaux；　que　l'on　devra　cette
  transformation。〃E。　M。　BATAILLE；　Tr　aite　des　Machines　a　Vapeur。
  Tools　have　played　a　highly　important　part　in　the　history　of
  civilization。　　Without　tools　and　the　ability　to　use　them；　man　were
  indeed　but　a　〃poor；　bare；　forked　animal；〃worse　clothed　than　the
  birds；　worse　housed　than　the　beaver；　worse　fed　than　the　jackal。　　〃Weak
  in　himself；〃　says　Carlyle；　〃and　of　small　stature；　he　stands　on　a
  basis；　at　most　for　the　flattest…soled；　of　some　half　square　foot；
  insecurely　enough；　has　to　straddle　out　his　legs；　Jest　the　very　wind
  supplant　him。　　Feeblest　of　bipeds！　　Three　quintals　are　a　crushing　load
  for　him；　the　steer　of　the　meadow　tosses　him　aloft　like　a　waste　rag。
  Nevertheless　he　can　use　tools；　can　devise　tools：　　with　these　the
  granite　mountain　melts　into　light　dust　before　him；　he　kneads　glowing
  iron　as　if　it　were　soft　paste；　seas　are　his　smooth　highway；　winds　and
  fire　his　unvarying　steeds。　　Nowhere　do　you　find　him　without　tools：
  without　tools　he　is　nothing；　with　tools　he　is　all。〃　　His　very　first
  contrivances　to　support　life　were　tools　of　the　simplest　a