supply　of　the　articles　manufactured　from　the　metal。　　The　Saxons　were
  the　principal　consumers　of　English　tin；　and　we　obtained　from　them　in
  return　nearly　the　whole　of　our　tin…plates。　　All　attempts　made　to
  manufacture　them　in　England　had　hitherto　failed；　the　beating　out　of
  the　iron　by　hammers　into　laminae　sufficiently　thin　and　smooth；　and
  the　subsequent　distribution　and　fixing　of　the　film　of　tin　over　the
  surface　of　the　iron；　proving　difficulties　which　the　English
  manufacturers　were　unable　to　overcome。　　To　master　these　difficulties
  the　indefatigable　Yarranton　set　himself　to　work。　　〃Knowing；〃　says　he；
  〃the　usefulness　of　tin…plates　and　the　goodness　of　our　metals　for　that
  purpose；　I　did；　about　sixteen　years　since　（i。e。　　about　1665）；
  endeavour　to　find　out　the　way　for　making　thereof；　whereupon　I
  acquainted　a　person　of　much　riches；　and　one　that　was　very
  understanding　in　the　iron　manufacture；　who　was　pleased　to　say　that　he
  had　often　designed　to　get　the　trade　into　England；　but　never　could
  find　out　the　way。　　Upon　which　it　was　agreed　that　a　sum　of　monies
  should　be　advanced　by　several　persons；*
  ＇footnote。。。
  In　the　dedication　of　his　book；　entitled　Englands　Improvement　by　Sea
  and　Land；　Part　I。；　Yarranton　gives　the　names　of　the　〃noble　patriots〃
  who　sent　him　on　his　journey　of　inquiry。　　They　were　Sir　Waiter　Kirtham
  Blount；　Bart。；　Sir　Samuel　Baldwin　and　Sir　Timothy　Baldwin；　Knights；
  Thomas　Foley　and　Philip　Foley；　Esquires；　and　six　other　gentlemen。　　The
  father　of　the　Foleys　was　himself　supposed　to　have　introduced　the　art
  of　iron…splitting　into　England　by　an　expedient　similar　to　that
  adopted　by　Yarranton　in　obtaining　a　knowledge　of　the　tin…plate
  manufacture　（Self…Help；　p。145）。　　The　secret　of　the　silk…throwing
  machinery　of　Piedmont　was　in　like　manner　introduced　into　England　by
  Mr。　Lombe　of　Derby；　who　shortly　succeeded　in　founding　a　flourishing
  branch　of　manufacture。　　These　were　indeed　the　days　of　romance　and
  adventure　in　manufactures。
  。。。＇
  for　the　defraying　of　my　charges　of　travelling　to　the　place　where
  these　plates　are　made；　and　from　thence　to　bring　away　the　art　of
  making　them。　　Upon　which；　an　able　fire…man；　that　well　understood　the
  nature　of　iron；　was　made　choice　of　to　accompany　me；　and　being　fitted
  with　an　ingenious　interpreter　that　well　understood　the　language；　and
  that　had　dealt　much　in　that　commodity；　we　marched　first　for　Hamburgh；
  then　to　Leipsic；　and　from　thence　to　Dresden；　the　Duke　of　Saxony's
  court；　where　we　had　notice　of　the　place　where　the　plates　were　made；
  which　was　in　a　large　tract　of　mountainous　land；　running　from　a　place
  called　Seger…Hutton　unto　a　town　called　Awe　＇Au＇；　being　in　length
  about　twenty　miles。〃*
  ＇footnote。。。
  The　district　is　known　as　the　Erzgebirge　or　Ore　Mountains；　and　the
  Riesengebirge　or　Giant　Mountains；　MacCulloch　says　that　upwards　of　500
  mines　are　wrought　in　the　former　district；　and　that　one…thirtieth　of
  the　entire　population　of　Saxony　to　this　day　derive　their　subsistence
  from　mining　industry　and　the　manufacture　of　metallic　products。
  Geographical　Dict。　ii。　643；　edit。　1854。
  。。。＇
  It　is　curious　to　find　how　much　the　national　industry　of　England　has
  been　influenced　by　the　existence　from　time　to　time　of　religious
  persecutions　abroad；　which　had　the　effect　of　driving　skilled
  Protestant　artisans；　more　particularly　from　Flanders　and　France；　into
  England；　where　they　enjoyed　the　special　protection　of　successive
  English　Governments；　and　founded　various　important　branches　of
  manufacture。　　But　it　appears　from　the　history　of　the　tin　manufactures
  of　Saxony；　that　that　country　also　had　profited　in　like　manner　by　the
  religious　persecutions　of　Germany；　and　even　of　England　itself。　　Thus
  we　are　told　by　Yarranton　that　it　was　a　Cornish　miner；　a　Protestant；
  banished　out　of　England　for　his　religion　in　Queen　Mary's　time；　who
  discovered　the　tin　mines　at　Awe；　and　that　a　Romish　priest　of　Bohemia；
  who　had　been　converted　to　Lutheranism　and　fled　into　Saxony　for
  refuge；　〃was　the　chief　instrument　in　the　manufacture　until　it　was
  perfected。〃　　These　two　men　were　held　in　great　regard　by　the　Duke　of
  Saxony　as　well　as　by　the　people　of　the　country；　for　their　ingenuity
  and　industry　proved　the　source　of　great　prosperity　and　wealth；
  〃several　fine　cities；〃　says　Yarranton；　〃having　been　raised　by　the
  riches　proceeding　from　the　tin…works〃not　less　than　80；000　men
  depending　upon　the　trade　for　their　subsistence；　and　when　Yarranton
  visited　Awe；　he　found　that　a　statue　had　been　erected　to　the　memory　of
  the　Cornish　miner　who　first　discovered　the　tin。
  Yarranton　was　very　civilly　received　by　the　miners；　and；　contrary　to
  his　expectation；　he　was　allowed　freely　to　inspect　the　tin…works　and
  examine　the　methods　by　which　the　iron…plates　were　rolled　out；　as　well
  as　the　process　of　tinning　them。　　He　was　even　permitted　to　engage　a
  number　of　skilled　workmen；　whom　he　brought　over　with　him　to　England
  for　the　purpose　of　starting　the　manufacture　in　this　country。　　A
  beginning　was　made；　and　the　tin…plates　manufactured　by　Yarranton's
  men　were　pronounced　of　better　quality　even　than　those　made　in　Saxony。
  〃Many　thousand　plates；〃　Yarranton　says；　〃were　made　from　iron　raised
  in　the　Forest　of　Dean；　and　were　tinned　over　with　Cornish　tin；　and　the
  plates　proved　far　better　than　the　German　ones；　by　reason　of　the
  toughness　and　flexibleness　of　our　forest　iron。　　One　Mr。　Bison；　a
  tinman　in　Worcester；　Mr。　Lydiate　near　Fleet　Bridge；　and　Mr。　Harrison
  near　the　King's　Bench；　have　wrought　many；　and　know　their　goodness。〃
  As　Yarranton's　account　was　written　and　published　during　the　lifetime
  of　the　parties；　there　is　no　reason　to　doubt　the　accuracy　of　his
  statement。
  Arrangements　were　made　to　carry　on　the　manufacture　upon　a　large
  scale；　but　the　secret　having　got　wind；　a　patent　was　taken　out；　or
  〃trumpt　up〃　as　Yarranton　calls　it；　for　the　manufacture；　〃the　patentee
  being　countenanced　by　some　persons　of　quality；〃　and　Yarranton　was
  precluded　from　carrying　his　operations　further。　　It　is　not　improbable
  that　the　patentee　in　question　was　William　Chamberlaine；　Dud　Dudley's
  quondam　partner　in　the　iron　manufacture。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Chamberlaine　and　Dudley's　first　licence　was　granted　in　1661　for
  plating　steel　and　tinning　the　said　plates；　and　Chamberlaine's　sole
  patent　for　〃plating　and　tinning　iron；　copper；　&c。；〃　was　granted　in
  1673；　probably　the　patent　in　question。
  。。。＇
  〃What　with　the　patent　being　in　our　way；〃　says　Yarranton；　〃and　the
  richest　of　our　partners　being　afraid　to　offend　great　men　in　power；
  who　had　their　eye　upon　us；　it　caused　the　thing　to　cool；　and　the
  making　of　the　tin…plates　was　neither　proceeded　in　by　us；　nor　possibly
  could　be　by　him　that　had　the　patent；　because　neither　he　that　hath　the
  patent；　nor　those　that　have　countenanced　him；　can　make　one　plate　fit
  for　use。〃　　Yarranton's　labours　were　thus　lost　to　the　English　public
  for　a　time；　and　we　continued　to　import　all　our　tin…plates　from
  Germany　until　about　sixty　years　later；　when　a　tin…plate　manufactory
  was　established　by　Capel　Hanbury　at　Pontypool　in　Monmouthshire；　where
  it　has　since　continued　to　be　successfully　carried　on。
  We　can　only　briefly　refer　to　the　subsequent　history　of　Andrew
  Yarranton。　　Shortly　after　his　journey　into　Saxony；　he　proceeded　to
  Holland　to　examine　the　inland　navigations　of　the　Dutch；　to　inspect
  their　linen　and　other　manufactures；　and　to　inquire　into　the　causes　of
  the　then　extraordinary　prosperity　of　that　country　compared　with
  England。　　Industry　was　in　a　very　languishing　state　at　home。　　〃People
  confess　they　are　sick；〃　said　Yarranton；　〃that　trade　is　in　a
  consumption；　and　the　whole　nation　languishes。〃　　He　therefore
  determined　to　ascertain　whether　something　useful　might　not　be　learnt
  from　the　example　of　Holland。　　The　Dutch　were　then　the　hardest　working
  and　the　most　thriving　people　in　Europe。　　They　were　manufacturers　and
  carriers　for　the　world。　　Their　fleets　floated　on　every　known　sea；　and
  their　herring…busses　swarmed　along　our　coasts　as　far　north　as　the
  Hebrides。　　The　Dutch　supplied　our　markets　with　fish　caught　within
  sight　of　our　own　shores；　while　our　coasting　population　stood　idly
  looking　on。　　Yarranton　regarded　this　state　of　things　as　most
  discreditable；　and　he　urged　the　establishment　of　various　branches　of
  home　industry　as　the　best　way　of　out…doing　the　Dutch　without　fighting
  them。
  Wherever　he　travelled　abroad；　in　Germany　or　in　Holland；　he　saw
  industry　attended　by　wealth　and　comfort；　and　idleness　by　poverty　and
  misery。　　The　same　pursuits；　he　held；　would　prove　as　beneficial　to
  England　as　they　were　abundantly　proved　to　have　been　to　Holland。　　The
  healthy　life　of　work　was　good　for　allfor　individuals　as　for　the
  whole　nation；　and　if　we　would　out…do　the　Dutch；　he　held　that　we　must
  out…do　them　in　industry。　　But　all　must　be　done　honestly　and　by　fair
  means。　　〃Common　Honesty；〃　said　Yarranton；　〃is　as　necessary　and　needful
  in　kingdoms　and　commonwealths　that　depend　upon　Trade；　as　discipline
  is　in　an　army；　and　where　there　is　want　of　commo