The　Muse　of　the　Department
  by　Honore　de　Balzac
  Translated　by　James　Waring
  DEDICATION
  To　Monsieur　le　Comte　Ferdinand　de　Gramont。
  MY　DEAR　FERDINAND；If　the　chances　of　the　world　of　literature
  /habent　sua　fata　libelli/should　allow　these　lines　to　be　an
  enduring　record；　that　will　still　be　but　a　trifle　in　return　for　the
  trouble　you　have　takenyou；　the　Hozier；　the　Cherin；　the　King…at…
  Arms　of　these　Studies　of　Life；　you；　to　whom　the　Navarreins；
  Cadignans；　Langeais；　Blamont…Chauvrys；　Chaulieus；　Arthez；
  Esgrignons；　Mortsaufs；　Valoisthe　hundred　great　names　that　form
  the　Aristocracy　of　the　〃Human　Comedy〃　owe　their　lordly　mottoes　and
  ingenious　armorial　bearings。　Indeed；　〃the　Armorial　of　the　Etudes；
  devised　by　Ferdinand　de　Gramont；　gentleman；〃　is　a　complete　manual
  of　French　Heraldry；　in　which　nothing　is　forgotten；　not　even　the
  arms　of　the　Empire；　and　I　shall　preserve　it　as　a　monument　of
  friendship　and　of　Benedictine　patience。　What　profound　knowledge　of
  the　old　feudal　spirit　is　to　be　seen　in　the　motto　of　the
  Beauseants；　/Pulchre　sedens；　melius　agens/；　in　that　of　the
  Espards；　/Des　partem　leonis/；　in　that　of　the　Vandenesses；　/Ne　se
  vend/。　And　what　elegance　in　the　thousand　details　of　the　learned
  symbolism　which　will　always　show　how　far　accuracy　has　been　carried
  in　my　work；　to　which　you；　the　poet；　have　contributed。
  Your　old　friend；
  DE　BALZAC。
  THE　MUSE　OF　THE　DEPARTMENT
  On　the　skirts　of　Le　Berry　stands　a　town　which；　watered　by　the　Loire；
  infallibly　attracts　the　traveler's　eye。　Sancerre　crowns　the　topmost
  height　of　a　chain　of　hills；　the　last　of　the　range　that　gives　variety
  to　the　Nivernais。　The　Loire　floods　the　flats　at　the　foot　of　these
  slopes；　leaving　a　yellow　alluvium　that　is　extremely　fertile；　excepting
  in　those　places　where　it　has　deluged　them　with　sand　and　destroyed　them
  forever；　by　one　of　those　terrible　risings　which　are　also　incidental　to
  the　Vistulathe　Loire　of　the　northern　coast。
  The　hill　on　which　the　houses　of　Sancerre　are　grouped　is　so　far　from
  the　river　that　the　little　river…port　of　Saint…Thibault　thrives　on　the
  life　of　Sancerre。　There　wine　is　shipped　and　oak　staves　are　landed；
  with　all　the　produce　brought　from　the　upper　and　lower　Loire。　At　the
  period　when　this　story　begins　the　suspension　bridges　at　Cosne　and　at
  Saint…Thibault　were　already　built。　Travelers　from　Paris　to　Sancerre　by
  the　southern　road　were　no　longer　ferried　across　the　river　from　Cosne
  to　Saint…Thibault；　and　this　of　itself　is　enough　to　show　that　the　great
  cross…shuffle　of　1830　was　a　thing　of　the　past；　for　the　House　of
  Orleans　has　always　had　a　care　for　substantial　improvements；　though
  somewhat　after　the　fashion　of　a　husband　who　makes　his　wife　presents
  out　of　her　marriage　portion。
  Excepting　that　part　of　Sancerre　which　occupies　the　little　plateau；　the
  streets　are　more　or　less　steep；　and　the　town　is　surrounded　by　slopes
  known　as　the　Great　Ramparts；　a　name　which　shows　that　they　are　the
  highroads　of　the　place。
  Outside　the　ramparts　lies　a　belt　of　vineyards。　Wine　forms　the　chief
  industry　and　the　most　important　trade　of　the　country；　which　yields
  several　vintages　of　high…class　wine　full　of　aroma；　and　so　nearly
  resembling　the　wines　of　Burgundy；　that　the　vulgar　palate　is　deceived。
  So　Sancerre　finds　in　the　wineshops　of　Paris　the　quick　market
  indispensable　for　liquor　that　will　not　keep　for　more　than　seven　or
  eight　years。　Below　the　town　lie　a　few　villages；　Fontenoy　and　Saint…
  Satur；　almost　suburbs；　reminding　us　by　their　situation　of　the　smiling
  vineyards　about　Neuchatel　in　Switzerland。
  The　town　still　bears　much　of　its　ancient　aspect；　the　streets　are
  narrow　and　paved　with　pebbles　carted　up　from　the　Loire。　Some　old
  houses　are　to　be　seen　there。　The　citadel；　a　relic　of　military　power
  and　feudal　times；　stood　one　of　the　most　terrible　sieges　of　our
  religious　wars；　when　French　Calvinists　far　outdid　the　ferocious
  Cameronians　of　Walter　Scott's　tales。
  The　town　of　Sancerre；　rich　in　its　greater　past；　but　widowed　now　of　its
  military　importance；　is　doomed　to　an　even　less　glorious　future；　for
  the　course　of　trade　lies　on　the　right　bank　of　the　Loire。　The　sketch
  here　given　shows　that　Sancerre　will　be　left　more　and　more　lonely　in
  spite　of　the　two　bridges　connecting　it　with　Cosne。
  Sancerre；　the　pride　of　the　left　bank；　numbers　three　thousand　five
  hundred　inhabitants　at　most；　while　at　Cosne　there　are　now　more　than
  six　thousand。　Within　half　a　century　the　part　played　by　these　two　towns
  standing　opposite　each　other　has　been　reversed。　The　advantage　of
  situation；　however；　remains　with　the　historic　town；　whence　the　view　on
  every　side　is　perfectly　enchanting；　where　the　air　is　deliciously　pure；
  the　vegetation　splendid；　and　the　residents；　in　harmony　with　nature；
  are　friendly　souls；　good　fellows；　and　devoid　of　Puritanism；　though
  two…thirds　of　the　population　are　Calvinists。　Under　such　conditions；
  though　there　are　the　usual　disadvantages　of　life　in　a　small　town；　and
  each　one　lives　under　the　officious　eye　which　makes　private　life　almost
  a　public　concern；　on　the　other　hand；　the　spirit　of　townshipa　sort　of
  patriotism；　which　cannot　indeed　take　the　place　of　a　love　of　home
  flourishes　triumphantly。
  Thus　the　town　of　Sancerre　is　exceedingly　proud　of　having　given　birth
  to　one　of　the　glories　of　modern　medicine；　Horace　Bianchon；　and　to　an
  author　of　secondary　rank；　Etienne　Lousteau；　one　of　our　most　successful
  journalists。　The　district　included　under　the　municipality　of　Sancerre；
  distressed　at　finding　itself　practically　ruled　by　seven　or　eight　large
  landowners；　the　wire…pullers　of　the　elections；　tried　to　shake　off　the
  electoral　yoke　of　a　creed　which　had　reduced　it　to　a　rotten　borough。
  This　little　conspiracy；　plotted　by　a　handful　of　men　whose　vanity　was
  provoked；　failed　through　the　jealousy　which　the　elevation　of　one　of
  them；　as　the　inevitable　result；　roused　in　the　breasts　of　the　others。
  This　result　showed　the　radical　defect　of　the　scheme；　and　the　remedy
  then　suggested　was　to　rally　round　a　champion　at　the　next　election；　in
  the　person　of　one　of　the　two　men　who　so　gloriously　represented
  Sancerre　in　Paris　circles。
  This　idea　was　extraordinarily　advanced　for　the　provinces；　for　since
  1830　the　nomination　of　parochial　dignitaries　has　increased　so　greatly
  that　real　statesmen　are　becoming　rare　indeed　in　the　lower　chamber。
  In　point　of　fact；　this　plan；　of　very　doubtful　outcome；　was　hatched　in
  the　brain　of　the　Superior　Woman　of　the　borough；　/dux　femina　fasti/；
  but　with　a　view　to　personal　interest。　This　idea　was　so　widely　rooted
  in　this　lady's　past　life；　and　so　entirely　comprehended　her　future
  prospects；　that　it　can　scarcely　be　understood　without　some　sketch　of
  her　antecedent　career。
  Sancerre　at　that　time　could　boast　of　a　Superior　Woman；　long　misprized
  indeed；　but　now；　about　1836；　enjoying　a　pretty　extensive　local
  reputation。　This；　too；　was　the　period　at　which　two　Sancerrois　in　Paris
  were　attaining；　each　in　his　own　line；　to　the　highest　degree　of　glory
  for　one；　and　of　fashion　for　the　other。　Etienne　Lousteau；　a　writer　in
  reviews；　signed　his　name　to　contributions　to　a　paper　that　had　eight
  thousand　subscribers；　and　Bianchon；　already　chief　physician　to　a
  hospital；　Officer　of　the　Legion　of　Honor；　and　member　of　the　Academy　of
  Sciences；　had　just　been　made　a　professor。
  If　it　were　not　that　the　word　would　to　many　readers　seem　to　imply　a
  degree　of　blame；　it　might　be　said　that　George　Sand　created　/Sandism/；
  so　true　is　it　that；　morally　speaking；　all　good　has　a　reverse　of　evil。
  This　leprosy　of　sentimentality　would　have　been　charming。　Still；
  /Sandism/　has　its　good　side；　in　that　the　woman　attacked　by　it　bases
  her　assumption　of　superiority　on　feelings　scorned；　she　is　a　blue…
  stocking　of　sentiment；　and　she　is　rather　less　of　a　bore；　love　to　some
  extent　neutralizing　literature。　The　most　conspicuous　result　of　George
  Sand's　celebrity　was　to　elicit　the　fact　that　France　has　a　perfectly
  enormous　number　of　superior　women；　who　have；　however；　till　now　been　so
  generous　as　to　leave　the　field　to　the　Marechal　de　Saxe's
  granddaughter。
  The　Superior　Woman　of　Sancerre　lived　at　La　Baudraye；　a　town…house　and
  country…house　in　one；　within　ten　minutes　of　the　town；　and　in　the
  village；　or；　if　you　will；　the　suburb　of　Saint…Satur。　The　La　Baudrayes
  of　the　present　day　have；　as　is　frequently　the　case；　thrust　themselves
  in；　and　are　but　a　substitute　for　those　La　Baudrayes　whose　name；
  glorious　in　the　Crusades；　figured　in　the　chief　events　of　the　history
  of　Le　Berry。
  The　story　must　be　told。
  In　the　time　of　Louis　XIV。　a　certain　sheriff　named　Milaud；　whose
  forefathers　had　been　furious　Calvinists；　was　converted　at　the　time　of
  the　Revocation　of　the　Edict　of　Nantes。　To　encourage　this　movement　in
  one　of　the　strong…holds　of　Calvinism；　the　King　gave　said　Milaud　a　good
  appointment　in　the　〃Waters　and　Forests；〃　granted　him　arms　and　the
  title　of　Sire　（or　Lord）　de　la　Baudraye；　with　the　fief　of　the　old　and
  genuine　La　Baudrayes。　The　descendants　of　the　famous　Captain　la
  Baudraye　fell；　sad　to　say；　into　one　of　the　snares　laid　for　heretics　by
  the　new　decrees；　and　were　hangedan　unworthy　deed　of　the　great
  King's。
  Under　Louis　XV。　Milaud　de　la　Baudraye；　from　being　a　mere　squire；　wa