第 25 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9320
  rewarding or punishing him; which would be much spoken about。 And a
  prince ought; above all things; always endeavour in every action to gain
  for himself the reputation of being a great and remarkable man。
  A   prince    is  also  respected    when    he   is  either  a  true  friend   or   a
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  downright       enemy;     that   is  to  say;   when;    without     any   reservation;     he
  declares himself in favour of one party against the other; which course will
  always   be   more   advantageous   than   standing   neutral;   because   if   two   of
  your powerful neighbours come to blows; they are of such a character that;
  if one of them conquers; you have either to fear him or not。 In either case
  it   will   always   be   more   advantageous   for   you   to   declare   yourself   and   to
  make   war   strenuously;   because;   in   the   first   case;   if   you   do   not   declare
  yourself; you will invariably fall a prey to the conqueror; to the pleasure
  and   satisfaction   of   him   who   has   been   conquered;   and   you   will   have   no
  reasons to offer; nor anything to protect or to shelter you。 Because he who
  conquers does not want doubtful friends who will not aid him in the time
  of   trial;   and   he   who   loses   will   not   harbour   you   because   you   did   not
  willingly; sword in hand; court his fate。
  Antiochus went into Greece; being sent for by the Aetolians to drive
  out the Romans。 He sent envoys to the Achaeans; who were friends of the
  Romans;   exhorting   them   to   remain   neutral;   and   on   the   other   hand   the
  Romans urged them to take up arms。 This question came to be discussed
  in the council of the Achaeans; where the legate of Antiochus urged them
  to stand neutral。 To this the Roman legate answered: 〃As for that which
  has been said; that it is better and more advantageous for your state not to
  interfere    in   our  war;   nothing     can   be   more    erroneous;     because    by   not
  interfering you will be left; without favour or consideration; the guerdon
  of   the   conqueror。〃   Thus   it   will   always   happen   that   he   who   is   not   your
  friend   will   demand   your   neutrality;   whilst   he   who   is   your   friend   will
  entreat you to declare yourself with arms。 And irresolute princes; to avoid
  present dangers; generally follow the neutral path; and are generally ruined。
  But when a prince declares himself gallantly in favour of one side; if the
  party with whom he allies himself conquers; although the victor may be
  powerful and may have him at his mercy; yet he is indebted to him; and
  there is established a bond of amity; and men are never so shameless as to
  become a monument of ingratitude by oppressing you。 Victories after all
  are    never    so   complete     that   the   victor   must    not   show     some    regard;
  especially to justice。 But if he with whom you ally yourself loses; you may
  be sheltered by him; and whilst he is able he may aid you; and you become
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  companions on a fortune that may rise again。
  In the second case; when those who fight are of such a character that
  you have no anxiety as to who may conquer; so much the more is it greater
  prudence to be allied; because you assist at the destruction of one by the
  aid   of   another   who;   if   he   had   been   wise;   would   have   saved   him;   and
  conquering; as it is impossible that he should not do with your assistance;
  he remains at your discretion。 And here it is to be noted that a prince ought
  to   take   care   never   to   make   an   alliance     with   one    more   powerful      than
  himself for the purposes of attacking others; unless necessity compels him;
  as   is   said   above;   because   if   he   conquers   you   are   at   his   discretion;   and
  princes ought to avoid as much as possible being at the discretion of any
  one。 The Venetians joined with France against the Duke of Milan; and this
  alliance;  which   caused  their   ruin;  could have   been   avoided。  But   when   it
  cannot   be   avoided;   as   happened   to   the   Florentines   when   the   Pope   and
  Spain sent armies to attack Lombardy; then in such a case; for the above
  reasons; the prince ought to favour one of the parties。
  Never   let   any   Government   imagine   that   it   can   choose   perfectly   safe
  courses; rather let it expect to have to take very doubtful ones; because it
  is   found   in   ordinary   affairs   that   one   never   seeks   to   avoid   one   trouble
  without   running   into   another;   but   prudence   consists   in   knowing   how   to
  distinguish the character of troubles; and for choice to take the lesser evil。
  A prince ought also to show himself a patron of ability; and to honour
  the   proficient   in   every   art。   At   the   same   time   he   should   encourage   his
  citizens     to   practise    their   callings    peaceably;     both    in   commerce       and
  agriculture;   and   in   every   other   following;   so   that   the   one   should   not   be
  deterred from improving his possessions for fear lest they be taken away
  from him or another from opening up trade for fear of taxes; but the prince
  ought to offer rewards to whoever wishes to do these things and designs in
  any way to honour his city or state。
  Further; he ought to entertain the people with festivals and spectacles
  at convenient seasons of the year; and as every city is divided into guilds
  or into societies;'*' he ought to hold such bodies in esteem; and associate
  with    them   sometimes;        and   show     himself    an   example     of   courtesy   and
  liberality;   nevertheless;   always   maintaining   the   majesty   of   his   rank;   for
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  this he must never consent to abate in anything。
  '*' 〃Guilds or societies;〃 〃in arti o in tribu。〃 〃Arti〃 were craft or trade
  guilds; cf。 Florio: 〃Arte 。 。 。 a whole company of any trade in any city or
  corporation town。〃 The guilds of Florence   are most admirably  described
  by   Mr   Edgcumbe   Staley   in   his   work   on   the   subject   (Methuen;   1906)。
  Institutions of a somewhat similar character; called 〃artel;〃 exist in Russia
  to…day; cf。 Sir Mackenzie Wallace's 〃Russia;〃 ed。 1905: 〃The sons 。 。 。 were
  always   during   the   working   season   members   of   an   artel。   In   some   of   the
  larger   towns   there   are   artels   of   a   much   more   complex   kind   permanent
  associations; possessing large capital; and pecuniarily responsible for the
  acts   of   the   individual   members。〃   The   word   〃artel;〃   despite   its   apparent
  similarity; has; Mr Aylmer Maude assures me; no connection with 〃ars〃 or
  〃arte。〃 Its root is that of the verb 〃rotisya;〃 to bind oneself by an oath; and
  it   is   generally   admitted   to   be   only   another   form   of   〃rota;〃   which   now
  signifies a 〃regimental company。〃 In both words the underlying idea is that
  of a body of men united by an oath。 〃Tribu〃 were possibly gentile groups;
  united     by   common       descent;    and    included     individuals     connected      by
  marriage。 Perhaps our words 〃sects〃 or 〃clans〃 would be most appropriate。
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  CHAPTER XXII
  CONCERNING THE SECRETARIES OF PRINCES
  The choice of servants is of no little importance to a prince; and they
  are good or not according to the discrimination of the prince。 And the first
  opinion   which   one   forms   of   a   prince;   and   of   his   understanding;   is   by
  observing   the   men   he   has   around   him;   and   when   they   are   capable   and
  faithful he may always be considered wise; because he has known how to
  recognize     the   capable   and   to  keep    them   faithful。  But   when    they   are
  otherwise   one   cannot   form   a   good   opinion   of   him;   for   the   prime   error
  which he made was in choosing them。
  There were none who knew Messer Antonio da Venafro as the servant
  of Pandolfo Petrucci; Prince of Siena; who would not consider Pandolfo to
  be a very clever man in having Venafro for his servant。 Because there are
  three classes of intellects: one which comprehends by itself; another which
  appreciates      what    others   comprehended;        and    a  third   which     neither
  comprehends by itself nor by the showing of others; the first is the most