第 25 节
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津夏 更新:2021-02-27 02:39 字数:9320
rewarding or punishing him; which would be much spoken about。 And a
prince ought; above all things; always endeavour in every action to gain
for himself the reputation of being a great and remarkable man。
A prince is also respected when he is either a true friend or a
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downright enemy; that is to say; when; without any reservation; he
declares himself in favour of one party against the other; which course will
always be more advantageous than standing neutral; because if two of
your powerful neighbours come to blows; they are of such a character that;
if one of them conquers; you have either to fear him or not。 In either case
it will always be more advantageous for you to declare yourself and to
make war strenuously; because; in the first case; if you do not declare
yourself; you will invariably fall a prey to the conqueror; to the pleasure
and satisfaction of him who has been conquered; and you will have no
reasons to offer; nor anything to protect or to shelter you。 Because he who
conquers does not want doubtful friends who will not aid him in the time
of trial; and he who loses will not harbour you because you did not
willingly; sword in hand; court his fate。
Antiochus went into Greece; being sent for by the Aetolians to drive
out the Romans。 He sent envoys to the Achaeans; who were friends of the
Romans; exhorting them to remain neutral; and on the other hand the
Romans urged them to take up arms。 This question came to be discussed
in the council of the Achaeans; where the legate of Antiochus urged them
to stand neutral。 To this the Roman legate answered: 〃As for that which
has been said; that it is better and more advantageous for your state not to
interfere in our war; nothing can be more erroneous; because by not
interfering you will be left; without favour or consideration; the guerdon
of the conqueror。〃 Thus it will always happen that he who is not your
friend will demand your neutrality; whilst he who is your friend will
entreat you to declare yourself with arms。 And irresolute princes; to avoid
present dangers; generally follow the neutral path; and are generally ruined。
But when a prince declares himself gallantly in favour of one side; if the
party with whom he allies himself conquers; although the victor may be
powerful and may have him at his mercy; yet he is indebted to him; and
there is established a bond of amity; and men are never so shameless as to
become a monument of ingratitude by oppressing you。 Victories after all
are never so complete that the victor must not show some regard;
especially to justice。 But if he with whom you ally yourself loses; you may
be sheltered by him; and whilst he is able he may aid you; and you become
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companions on a fortune that may rise again。
In the second case; when those who fight are of such a character that
you have no anxiety as to who may conquer; so much the more is it greater
prudence to be allied; because you assist at the destruction of one by the
aid of another who; if he had been wise; would have saved him; and
conquering; as it is impossible that he should not do with your assistance;
he remains at your discretion。 And here it is to be noted that a prince ought
to take care never to make an alliance with one more powerful than
himself for the purposes of attacking others; unless necessity compels him;
as is said above; because if he conquers you are at his discretion; and
princes ought to avoid as much as possible being at the discretion of any
one。 The Venetians joined with France against the Duke of Milan; and this
alliance; which caused their ruin; could have been avoided。 But when it
cannot be avoided; as happened to the Florentines when the Pope and
Spain sent armies to attack Lombardy; then in such a case; for the above
reasons; the prince ought to favour one of the parties。
Never let any Government imagine that it can choose perfectly safe
courses; rather let it expect to have to take very doubtful ones; because it
is found in ordinary affairs that one never seeks to avoid one trouble
without running into another; but prudence consists in knowing how to
distinguish the character of troubles; and for choice to take the lesser evil。
A prince ought also to show himself a patron of ability; and to honour
the proficient in every art。 At the same time he should encourage his
citizens to practise their callings peaceably; both in commerce and
agriculture; and in every other following; so that the one should not be
deterred from improving his possessions for fear lest they be taken away
from him or another from opening up trade for fear of taxes; but the prince
ought to offer rewards to whoever wishes to do these things and designs in
any way to honour his city or state。
Further; he ought to entertain the people with festivals and spectacles
at convenient seasons of the year; and as every city is divided into guilds
or into societies;'*' he ought to hold such bodies in esteem; and associate
with them sometimes; and show himself an example of courtesy and
liberality; nevertheless; always maintaining the majesty of his rank; for
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this he must never consent to abate in anything。
'*' 〃Guilds or societies;〃 〃in arti o in tribu。〃 〃Arti〃 were craft or trade
guilds; cf。 Florio: 〃Arte 。 。 。 a whole company of any trade in any city or
corporation town。〃 The guilds of Florence are most admirably described
by Mr Edgcumbe Staley in his work on the subject (Methuen; 1906)。
Institutions of a somewhat similar character; called 〃artel;〃 exist in Russia
to…day; cf。 Sir Mackenzie Wallace's 〃Russia;〃 ed。 1905: 〃The sons 。 。 。 were
always during the working season members of an artel。 In some of the
larger towns there are artels of a much more complex kind permanent
associations; possessing large capital; and pecuniarily responsible for the
acts of the individual members。〃 The word 〃artel;〃 despite its apparent
similarity; has; Mr Aylmer Maude assures me; no connection with 〃ars〃 or
〃arte。〃 Its root is that of the verb 〃rotisya;〃 to bind oneself by an oath; and
it is generally admitted to be only another form of 〃rota;〃 which now
signifies a 〃regimental company。〃 In both words the underlying idea is that
of a body of men united by an oath。 〃Tribu〃 were possibly gentile groups;
united by common descent; and included individuals connected by
marriage。 Perhaps our words 〃sects〃 or 〃clans〃 would be most appropriate。
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CHAPTER XXII
CONCERNING THE SECRETARIES OF PRINCES
The choice of servants is of no little importance to a prince; and they
are good or not according to the discrimination of the prince。 And the first
opinion which one forms of a prince; and of his understanding; is by
observing the men he has around him; and when they are capable and
faithful he may always be considered wise; because he has known how to
recognize the capable and to keep them faithful。 But when they are
otherwise one cannot form a good opinion of him; for the prime error
which he made was in choosing them。
There were none who knew Messer Antonio da Venafro as the servant
of Pandolfo Petrucci; Prince of Siena; who would not consider Pandolfo to
be a very clever man in having Venafro for his servant。 Because there are
three classes of intellects: one which comprehends by itself; another which
appreciates what others comprehended; and a third which neither
comprehends by itself nor by the showing of others; the first is the most