第 23 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
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  made him hated and despised; the one; his having kept sheep in Thrace;
  which      brought     him   into   contempt      (it  being    well   known      to  all;  and
  considered a great indignity by every one); and the other; his having at the
  accession to his dominions deferred going to Rome and taking possession
  of the imperial seat; he had also gained a reputation for the utmost ferocity
  by   having;   through   his   prefects   in   Rome   and   elsewhere   in   the   empire;
  practised many cruelties; so that the whole world was moved to anger at
  the meanness of his birth and to fear at his barbarity。 First Africa rebelled;
  then the Senate with all the people of Rome; and all Italy conspired against
  him; to which may be added his own army; this latter; besieging Aquileia
  and meeting with difficulties in taking it; were disgusted with his cruelties;
  and fearing him less when they found so many against him; murdered him。
  I do not wish to discuss Heliogabalus; Macrinus; or Julian; who; being
  thoroughly   contemptible;   were   quickly   wiped   out;   but   I   will   bring   this
  discourse   to   a   conclusion   by   saying   that   princes   in   our   times   have   this
  difficulty   of   giving   inordinate   satisfaction   to   their   soldiers   in   a   far   less
  degree; because; notwithstanding one has to give them some indulgence;
  that is soon done; none of these princes have armies that are veterans in
  the governance and administration of provinces; as were the armies of the
  Roman       Empire;      and    whereas     it  was     then   more     necessary      to  give
  satisfaction to the soldiers than to the people; it is now more necessary to
  all princes; except the Turk and the Soldan; to satisfy the people rather the
  soldiers; because the people are the more powerful。
  From   the   above   I   have   excepted   the   Turk;   who   always   keeps   round
  him     twelve    thousand     infantry    and    fifteen   thousand     cavalry    on   which
  depend the security and strength of the kingdom; and it is necessary that;
  putting aside every consideration for the people; he should keep them his
  friends。 The kingdom of the Soldan is similar; being entirely in the hands
  of   soldiers;   it   follows   again   that;   without   regard   to   the   people;   he   must
  keep them  his friends。  But you   must note that the state of   the Soldan   is
  unlike   all   other   principalities;   for   the   reason   that   it   is   like   the   Christian
  pontificate; which cannot be called either an hereditary or a newly formed
  principality;   because   the   sons   of the   old prince   are not   the   heirs;  but   he
  who is elected to that position by those who have authority; and the sons
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  remain   only   noblemen。   And   this   being   an   ancient   custom;   it   cannot   be
  called a new principality; because there are none of those difficulties in it
  that   are   met   with   in  new    ones;   for   although    the   prince   is  new;   the
  constitution of the state is old; and it is framed so as to receive him as if he
  were its hereditary lord。
  But returning to the subject of our discourse; I say that whoever will
  consider it will acknowledge that either hatred or contempt has been fatal
  to   the  above…named        emperors;    and   it  will  be   recognized     also  how    it
  happened   that;   a   number   of   them   acting   in   one   way   and   a   number   in
  another;     only   one   in  each   way   came    to  a  happy   end    and   the   rest  to
  unhappy   ones。   Because   it   would   have   been   useless   and   dangerous   for
  Pertinax   and Alexander;  being   new  princes;  to   imitate   Marcus;  who   was
  heir to the principality; and likewise it would have been utterly destructive
  to Caracalla; Commodus; and Maximinus to have imitated Severus; they
  not    having   sufficient    valour   to  enable    them   to  tread   in  his  footsteps。
  Therefore a prince; new to the principality; cannot imitate the actions of
  Marcus; nor; again; is it necessary to follow those of Severus; but he ought
  to take from Severus   those parts which are  necessary to found his state;
  and from Marcus those which are proper and glorious to keep a state that
  may already be stable and firm。
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  CHAPTER XX
  ARE FORTRESSES; AND MANY OTHER THINGS TO WHICH
  PRINCES OFTEN RESORT; ADVANTAGEOUS OR HURTFUL?
  1。 Some princes; so as to hold securely the state; have disarmed their
  subjects; others have kept their subject towns distracted by factions; others
  have fostered enmities against themselves; others have laid themselves out
  to   gain   over    those   whom      they   distrusted   in   the  beginning     of   their
  governments;       some     have   built  fortresses;    some    have   overthrown      and
  destroyed them。 And although one cannot give a final judgment on all of
  these things unless one possesses the particulars of those states in which a
  decision has to be made; nevertheless I will speak as comprehensively as
  the matter of itself will admit。
  2。 There never was a new prince who has disarmed his subjects; rather
  when he has found them disarmed he has always armed them; because; by
  arming   them;   those   arms   become   yours;   those   men   who   were   distrusted
  become      faithful;   and   those   who    were   faithful   are   kept   so;  and   your
  subjects     become     your   adherents。    And    whereas     all  subjects   cannot    be
  armed; yet when those whom you do arm are benefited; the others can be
  handled   more   freely;   and   this   difference   in   their   treatment;   which   they
  quite    understand;     makes     the  former    your    dependents;     and   the   latter;
  considering   it   to   be   necessary  that   those   who  have   the  most   danger   and
  service should have the   most reward;  excuse you。  But when   you   disarm
  them; you at once offend them by showing that you distrust them; either
  for cowardice or for want of loyalty; and either of these opinions breeds
  hatred   against   you。 And   because   you   cannot  remain   unarmed;  it   follows
  that   you   turn   to   mercenaries;   which   are   of   the   character   already   shown;
  even   if they  should   be good   they  would not   be   sufficient   to   defend   you
  against powerful enemies and distrusted subjects。 Therefore; as I have said;
  a new prince in a new principality has always distributed arms。 Histories
  are   full   of   examples。   But   when   a   prince   acquires   a   new   state;   which   he
  adds as a province to his old one; then it is necessary to disarm the men of
  that state; except those who have been his adherents in acquiring it; and
  these    again;   with   time   and   opportunity;     should    be  rendered     soft  and
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  effeminate;   and   matters   should   be   managed   in   such   a   way   that   all   the
  armed men in the state shall be your own soldiers who in your old state
  were living near you。
  3。    Our    forefathers;     and    those     who     were    reckoned       wise;    were
  accustomed   to   say   that   it   was   necessary   to   hold   Pistoia   by   factions   and
  Pisa   by   fortresses;   and   with   this   idea   they   fostered   quarrels   in   some   of
  their tributary towns so as to keep possession of them the more easily。 This
  may   have   been   well   enough   in   those   times   when   Italy   was   in   a   way
  balanced; but I do not believe that it can be accepted as a precept for to…
  day; because I do not believe that factions can ever be of use; rather it is
  certain   that   when   the   enemy   comes   upon   you   in   divided   cities   you   are
  quickly   lost;   because   the   weakest        party   will   always   assist   the    outside
  forces and the other will not be able to resist。 The Venetians; moved; as I
  believe; by the above reasons; fostered the Guelph and Ghibelline factions
  in their tributary cities; and although they never allowed them to come to
  bloodshed;       yet  they    nursed    these    disputes    amongst      them;    so  that   the
  citizens;   distracted   by   their   differences;   should   not   unite   against   them。
  Which; as we saw; did not afterwards turn out as expected; because; after
  the rout at