第 18 节
作者:
津夏 更新:2021-02-27 02:39 字数:9322
follow up the real truth of the matter than the imagination of it; for many
have pictured republics and principalities which in fact have never been
known or seen; because how one lives is so far distant from how one
ought to live; that he who neglects what is done for what ought to be done;
sooner effects his ruin than his preservation; for a man who wishes to act
entirely up to his professions of virtue soon meets with what destroys him
among so much that is evil。
Hence it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know
how to do wrong; and to make use of it or not according to necessity。
Therefore; putting on one side imaginary things concerning a prince; and
discussing those which are real; I say that all men when they are spoken of;
and chiefly princes for being more highly placed; are remarkable for some
of those qualities which bring them either blame or praise; and thus it is
that one is reputed liberal; another miserly; using a Tuscan term (because
an avaricious person in our language is still he who desires to possess by
robbery; whilst we call one miserly who deprives himself too much of the
use of his own); one is reputed generous; one rapacious; one cruel; one
compassionate; one faithless; another faithful; one effeminate and
cowardly; another bold and brave; one affable; another haughty; one
lascivious; another chaste; one sincere; another cunning; one hard; another
easy; one grave; another frivolous; one religious; another unbelieving; and
the like。 And I know that every one will confess that it would be most
praiseworthy in a prince to exhibit all the above qualities that are
considered good; but because they can neither be entirely possessed nor
observed; for human conditions do not permit it; it is necessary for him to
be sufficiently prudent that he may know how to avoid the reproach of
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those vices which would lose him his state; and also to keep himself; if it
be possible; from those which would not lose him it; but this not being
possible; he may with less hesitation abandon himself to them。 And again;
he need not make himself uneasy at incurring a reproach for those vices
without which the state can only be saved with difficulty; for if everything
is considered carefully; it will be found that something which looks like
virtue; if followed; would be his ruin; whilst something else; which looks
like vice; yet followed brings him security and prosperity。
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CHAPTER XVI
CONCERNING LIBERALITY AND MEANNESS
Commencing then with the first of the above…named characteristics; I
say that it would be well to be reputed liberal。 Nevertheless; liberality
exercised in a way that does not bring you the reputation for it; injures you;
for if one exercises it honestly and as it should be exercised; it may not
become known; and you will not avoid the reproach of its opposite。
Therefore; any one wishing to maintain among men the name of liberal is
obliged to avoid no attribute of magnificence; so that a prince thus
inclined will consume in such acts all his property; and will be compelled
in the end; if he wish to maintain the name of liberal; to unduly weigh
down his people; and tax them; and do everything he can to get money。
This will soon make him odious to his subjects; and becoming poor he will
be little valued by any one; thus; with his liberality; having offended many
and rewarded few; he is affected by the very first trouble and imperilled by
whatever may be the first danger; recognizing this himself; and wishing to
draw back from it; he runs at once into the reproach of being miserly。
Therefore; a prince; not being able to exercise this virtue of liberality
in such a way that it is recognized; except to his cost; if he is wise he
ought not to fear the reputation of being mean; for in time he will come to
be more considered than if liberal; seeing that with his economy his
revenues are enough; that he can defend himself against all attacks; and is
able to engage in enterprises without burdening his people; thus it comes
to pass that he exercises liberality towards all from whom he does not take;
who are numberless; and meanness towards those to whom he does not
give; who are few。
We have not seen great things done in our time except by those who
have been considered mean; the rest have failed。 Pope Julius the Second
was assisted in reaching the papacy by a reputation for liberality; yet he
did not strive afterwards to keep it up; when he made war on the King of
France; and he made many wars without imposing any extraordinary tax
on his subjects; for he supplied his additional expenses out of his long
thriftiness。 The present King of Spain would not have undertaken or
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conquered in so many enterprises if he had been reputed liberal。 A prince;
therefore; provided that he has not to rob his subjects; that he can defend
himself; that he does not become poor and abject; that he is not forced to
become rapacious; ought to hold of little account a reputation for being
mean; for it is one of those vices which will enable him to govern。
And if any one should say: Caesar obtained empire by liberality; and
many others have reached the highest positions by having been liberal; and
by being considered so; I answer: Either you are a prince in fact; or in a
way to become one。 In the first case this liberality is dangerous; in the
second it is very necessary to be considered liberal; and Caesar was one of
those who wished to become pre…eminent in Rome; but if he had survived
after becoming so; and had not moderated his expenses; he would have
destroyed his government。 And if any one should reply: Many have been
princes; and have done great things with armies; who have been
considered very liberal; I reply: Either a prince spends that which is his
own or his subjects' or else that of others。 In the first case he ought to be
sparing; in the second he ought not to neglect any opportunity for
liberality。 And to the prince who goes forth with his army; supporting it by
pillage; sack; and extortion; handling that which belongs to others; this
liberality is necessary; otherwise he would not be followed by soldiers。
And of that which is neither yours nor your subjects' you can be a ready
giver; as were Cyrus; Caesar; and Alexander; because it does not take
away your reputation if you squander that of others; but adds to it; it is
only squandering your own that injures you。
And there is nothing wastes so rapidly as liberality; for even whilst you
exercise it you lose the power to do so; and so become either poor or
despised; or else; in avoiding poverty; rapacious and hated。 And a prince
should guard himself; above all things; against being despised and hated;
and liberality leads you to both。 Therefore it is wiser to have a reputation
for meanness which brings reproach without hatred; than to be compelled
through seeking a reputation for liberality to incur a name for rapacity
which begets reproach with hatred。
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CHAPTER XVII
CONCERNING CRUELTY AND CLEMENCY; AND WHETHER
IT IS BETTER TO BE LOVED THAN FEARED
Coming now to the other qualities mentioned above; I say that every
prince ought to desire to be considered clement and not cruel。
Nevertheless he ought to take care not to misuse this clemency。 Cesare
Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding; his cruelty reconciled the
Romagna; unified it; and re