第 17 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9321
  insight is given to few。 And if the first disaster to the Roman Empire'*'
  should   be  examined;   it   will   be   found to have   commenced   only  with   the
  enlisting   of   the   Goths;   because   from   that   time   the   vigour   of   the   Roman
  Empire   began   to   decline;   and   all   that   valour   which   had   raised   it   passed
  away to others。
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  '*' 〃Many speakers to the House the other night in the debate on the
  reduction of armaments seemed to show a most lamentable ignorance of
  the   conditions   under   which   the   British   Empire   maintains   its   existence。
  When Mr Balfour replied to the allegations that the Roman Empire sank
  under the weight of its military obligations; he said that this was 'wholly
  unhistorical。' He might well have added that the Roman power was at its
  zenith when every citizen acknowledged his liability to fight for the State;
  but   that   it   began   to  decline   as   soon   as   this   obligation   was   no   longer
  recognized。〃Pall Mall Gazette; 15th May 1906。
  I conclude; therefore; that no principality is secure without having its
  own forces; on the contrary; it is entirely dependent on good fortune; not
  having the valour which in adversity would defend it。 And it has always
  been     the  opinion    and   judgment      of  wise    men    that  nothing    can   be   so
  uncertain or unstable as fame or power not founded on its own strength。
  And   one's   own   forces   are   those   which   are   composed   either   of   subjects;
  citizens; or dependents; all others are mercenaries or auxiliaries。 And the
  way   to   make   ready   one's   own   forces   will   be   easily   found   if   the   rules
  suggested   by   me   shall   be   reflected   upon;   and   if   one   will   consider   how
  Philip; the father of Alexander the Great; and many republics and princes
  have   armed   and   organized   themselves;   to   which   rules   I   entirely   commit
  myself。
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  CHAPTER XIV
  THAT WHICH CONCERNS A PRINCE ON THE SUBJECT OF
  THE ART OF WAR
  A  prince ought to   have no   other   aim  or   thought;  nor select   anything
  else for his study; than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole
  art that belongs to him who rules; and it is of such force that it not only
  upholds those who are born princes; but it often enables men to rise from a
  private   station   to   that   rank。   And;   on   the   contrary;   it   is   seen   that   when
  princes have thought more of ease than of arms they have lost their states。
  And the first cause of your losing it is to neglect this art; and what enables
  you to acquire a state is to be master of the art。 Francesco Sforza; through
  being martial; from a private person became Duke of Milan; and the sons;
  through avoiding the hardships and troubles of arms; from dukes became
  private persons。 For among other evils which being unarmed brings you; it
  causes   you   to   be   despised;   and   this   is   one   of   those   ignominies   against
  which a prince ought to guard himself; as is shown later on。 Because there
  is nothing proportionate between the armed and the unarmed; and it is not
  reasonable that he who is armed should yield obedience willingly to him
  who is unarmed; or that the unarmed man should be secure among armed
  servants。 Because; there being in the one disdain and in the other suspicion;
  it is not possible for them to work well together。 And therefore a prince
  who     does    not   understand     the   art  of  war;   over    and   above    the   other
  misfortunes   already   mentioned;   cannot   be   respected   by   his   soldiers;   nor
  can he rely on them。 He ought never; therefore; to have out of his thoughts
  this   subject   of   war;   and   in   peace   he   should   addict   himself   more   to   its
  exercise than in war; this he can do in two ways; the one by action; the
  other by study。
  As   regards   action;   he   ought   above   all   things   to   keep   his   men   well
  organized      and   drilled;   to  follow    incessantly     the   chase;   by   which    he
  accustoms   his   body   to   hardships;   and   learns   something   of   the   nature   of
  localities;   and   gets   to   find   out   how   the   mountains   rise;   how   the   valleys
  open   out;   how   the   plains   lie;   and   to   understand   the   nature   of   rivers   and
  marshes;   and   in   all   this   to   take   the   greatest   care。   Which   knowledge   is
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  useful   in   two   ways。   Firstly;   he   learns   to   know   his   country;   and   is   better
  able to undertake its defence; afterwards; by means of the knowledge and
  observation of that locality; he understands   with ease any other which   it
  may be necessary for him to study hereafter; because the hills; valleys; and
  plains;  and   rivers   and   marshes that   are;   for   instance;  in Tuscany;   have   a
  certain resemblance to those of other countries; so that with a knowledge
  of the aspect of one country one can easily arrive at a knowledge of others。
  And the prince that lacks this skill lacks the essential which it is desirable
  that a captain should possess; for it teaches him to surprise his enemy; to
  select   quarters;   to   lead   armies;   to   array   the   battle;   to   besiege   towns   to
  advantage。
  Philopoemen;'*'  Prince   of   the Achaeans;   among   other   praises   which
  writers have bestowed on him; is commended because in time of peace he
  never had anything in his mind but the rules of war; and when he was in
  the country with friends; he often stopped and reasoned with them: 〃If the
  enemy should be upon  that hill; and we   should find ourselves here   with
  our   army;   with   whom   would   be   the   advantage?   How   should   one   best
  advance to meet him; keeping the ranks? If we should wish to retreat; how
  ought we to pursue?〃 And he would set forth to them; as he went; all the
  chances   that   could   befall   an   army;   he   would   listen   to   their   opinion   and
  state his; confirming it with reasons; so that by these continual discussions
  there could never arise; in time of war; any unexpected circumstances that
  he could not deal with。
  '*'   Philopoemen;   〃the   last   of   the   Greeks;〃   born   252   B。C。;   died   183
  B。C。
  But to exercise the intellect the prince should read histories; and study
  there the actions of illustrious men; to see how they have borne themselves
  in war; to examine the causes of their victories and defeat; so as to avoid
  the latter and imitate the former; and above all do as an illustrious man did;
  who   took   as   an   exemplar   one   who   had   been   praised   and   famous   before
  him; and whose achievements and deeds he always kept in his mind; as it
  is   said Alexander   the   Great   imitated Achilles;   Caesar Alexander;   Scipio
  Cyrus。 And   whoever   reads   the   life   of   Cyrus;   written   by  Xenophon;   will
  recognize afterwards in the life of Scipio how that imitation was his glory;
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  and how in chastity; affability; humanity; and liberality Scipio conformed
  to those  things   which   have been   written of   Cyrus by  Xenophon。 A  wise
  prince ought to observe some such rules; and never in peaceful times stand
  idle; but increase his resources with industry in such a way that they may
  be available to him in adversity; so that if fortune chances it may find him
  prepared to resist her blows。
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  CHAPTER XV CONCERNING THINGS FOR WHICH MEN;
  AND ESPECIALLY PRINCES; ARE PRAISED OR BLAMED
  It   remains   now   to   see   what   ought   to   be   the   rules   of   conduct   for   a
  prince towards subject and friends。 And as I know that many have written
  on this point; I expect I shall be considered presumptuous in mentioning it
  again;   especially   as   in   discussing   it   I   shall   depart   from   the   methods   of
  other   people。   But;   it   being   my  intention   to   write   a   thing   which   shall   be
  useful   to   him   who   apprehends   it;   it   appears   to   me   more   appropriate   to
  follow up the real truth of the matter than the imagination of it; for many
  have