第 12 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9317
  which he held the principality; not only was he secure in the city of Fermo;
  but he had become formidable to all his neighbours。 And his destruction
  would have been as difficult as that of Agathocles if he had not allowed
  himself to be overreached by Cesare Borgia; who took him with the Orsini
  and Vitelli at Sinigalia; as was stated above。 Thus one year after he had
  committed       this   parricide;   he   was    strangled;    together    with   Vitellozzo;
  whom he had made his leader in valour and wickedness。
  Some   may   wonder   how   it   can   happen   that Agathocles;   and   his   like;
  after infinite   treacheries   and   cruelties;  should   live   for   long   secure   in   his
  country;     and    defend     himself    from     external    enemies;     and    never    be
  conspired against by his own citizens; seeing that many others; by means
  of cruelty; have never been able even in peaceful times to hold the state;
  still   less   in   the   doubtful   times   of   war。   I   believe   that   this   follows   from
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  severities'*' being badly or properly used。 Those may be called properly
  used; if of evil it is possible to speak well; that are applied at one blow and
  are   necessary   to   one's   security;   and   that   are   not   persisted   in   afterwards
  unless   they   can   be   turned   to   the   advantage   of   the   subjects。   The   badly
  employed        are  those    which;    notwithstanding        they   may     be   few   in   the
  commencement;           multiply     with   time    rather   than    decrease。    Those     who
  practise   the   first   system   are   able;   by   aid   of   God   or   man;   to   mitigate   in
  some degree their rule; as Agathocles did。 It is impossible for those who
  follow the other to maintain themselves。
  '*' Mr Burd suggests that this word probably comes near the modern
  equivalent of Machiavelli's thought when he speaks of 〃crudelta〃 than the
  more obvious 〃cruelties。〃
  Hence it is to be remarked that; in seizing a state; the usurper ought to
  examine   closely   into   all   those   injuries   which   it   is   necessary   for   him   to
  inflict; and to do them all at one stroke so as not to have to repeat them
  daily; and thus by not unsettling men he will be able to reassure them; and
  win   them   to   himself   by   benefits。   He   who   does   otherwise;   either   from
  timidity or evil advice; is always compelled to keep the knife in his hand;
  neither can he rely on his subjects; nor can they attach themselves to him;
  owing   to   their   continued   and   repeated   wrongs。   For   injuries   ought   to   be
  done all at one time; so that; being tasted less; they offend less; benefits
  ought   to   be   given   little   by   little;   so   that   the   flavour   of   them   may   last
  longer。
  And above all things; a prince ought to live amongst his people in such
  a   way   that   no   unexpected   circumstances;   whether   of   good   or   evil;   shall
  make him change; because if the necessity for this comes in troubled times;
  you are too late for harsh measures; and mild ones will not help you; for
  they will be considered as forced from you; and no one will be under any
  obligation to you for them。
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  CHAPTER IX
  CONCERNING A CIVIL PRINCIPALITY
  But   coming   to   the   other   pointwhere   a   leading   citizen   becomes   the
  prince of his country; not by wickedness or any intolerable violence; but
  by the favour of his fellow citizensthis may be called a civil principality:
  nor   is   genius   or   fortune   altogether   necessary   to   attain   to   it;   but   rather   a
  happy shrewdness。 I say then that such a principality is obtained either by
  the   favour   of   the   people   or   by   the   favour   of   the   nobles。   Because   in   all
  cities these two distinct parties are found; and from this it arises that the
  people do not wish to be ruled nor oppressed by the nobles; and the nobles
  wish to rule and oppress the people; and from these two opposite desires
  there    arises   in  cities   one   of  three    results;  either   a  principality;    self…
  government; or anarchy。
  A    principality    is  created    either   by   the   people    or  by   the   nobles;
  accordingly as   one or   other   of   them has   the   opportunity;   for the nobles;
  seeing they cannot withstand the people; begin to cry up the reputation of
  one of themselves; and they make him a prince; so that under his shadow
  they   can   give   vent   to   their   ambitions。   The   people;   finding   they   cannot
  resist   the   nobles;   also   cry   up   the   reputation   of   one   of   themselves;   and
  make him a prince so as to be defended by his authority。 He who obtains
  sovereignty by the assistance of   the nobles maintains himself with   more
  difficulty than he who comes   to it by the aid  of the people; because   the
  former finds himself with many around him who consider themselves his
  equals;   and   because   of   this   he   can   neither   rule   nor   manage   them   to   his
  liking。   But   he   who   reaches   sovereignty   by   popular   favour   finds   himself
  alone; and has none around him; or few; who are not prepared to obey him。
  Besides this; one cannot by fair dealing; and without injury to others;
  satisfy the nobles; but you can satisfy the people; for their object is more
  righteous than that of the nobles; the latter wishing to oppress; while the
  former only desire not to be oppressed。 It is to be added also that a prince
  can never secure himself against a hostile people; because of their being
  too many; whilst from the nobles he can secure himself; as they are few in
  number。 The worst that a prince may expect from a hostile people is to be
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  abandoned        by   them;    but  from   hostile     nobles    he   has   not  only   to   fear
  abandonment; but   also that   they will   rise   against him;   for they;  being   in
  these affairs more far… seeing and astute; always come forward in time to
  save   themselves;   and   to   obtain   favours   from   him   whom   they   expect   to
  prevail。   Further;   the   prince   is   compelled   to   live   always   with   the   same
  people; but he can do well without the same nobles; being able to make
  and unmake them daily; and to give or take away authority when it pleases
  him。
  Therefore; to make this point clearer; I say that the nobles ought to be
  looked at mainly in two ways: that is to say; they either shape their course
  in such a way as binds them entirely to your fortune; or they do not。 Those
  who so bind themselves; and are not rapacious; ought to be honoured and
  loved; those who do not bind themselves may be dealt with in two ways;
  they   may     fail  to   do  this   through    pusillanimity      and    a  natural   want    of
  courage; in which case you ought to make use of them; especially of those
  who are of good counsel; and thus; whilst in prosperity you honour them;
  in   adversity     you   do   not   have    to  fear   them。    But   when     for   their  own
  ambitious ends   they  shun binding themselves;  it is   a token   that   they  are
  giving   more   thought   to   themselves   than   to   you;   and   a   prince   ought   to
  guard against such; and to fear them as if they were open enemies; because
  in adversity they always help to ruin him。
  Therefore; one who becomes a prince through the favour of the people
  ought to keep them friendly; and this he can easily do seeing they only ask
  not   to   be   oppressed   by   him。   But   one   who;   in   opposition   to   the   people;
  becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles; ought; above everything; to
  seek   to   win   the   people   over   to   himself;   and   this   he   may  easily  do   if   he
  takes   them   under   his   protection。   Because   men;   when   they   receive   good
  from him of whom  they were expecting evil;   are bound more closely  to
  their   benefactor;   thus   the   people   quickly   become   more   devoted   to   him
  than   if   he   had   been   raised   to   the   principality   by   their   favours;   and   the
  prince can win their affections in many ways; but as these vary according
  to   the   circumstances   one   cannot   give   fixed   rules;  so   I   omit   them;   but;   I
  repeat; it is necessary for a prince to have the people friendly; otherwise he
  has no security in adversity。