第 11 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9321
  create new; to maintain friendship with kings and princes in such a way
  that they must help him with zeal and offend with caution; cannot find a
  more lively example than the actions of this man。
  Only can he be blamed for the election of Julius the Second; in whom
  he made a bad choice; because; as is said; not being able to elect a Pope to
  his own mind; he could have hindered any other from being elected Pope;
  and he ought never to have consented to the election of any cardinal whom
  he had injured or who had cause to fear him if they became pontiffs。 For
  men     injure   either   from    fear  or   hatred。   Those     whom     he   had   injured;
  amongst   others;   were   San   Pietro   ad Vincula;   Colonna;   San   Giorgio;   and
  Ascanio。'*' The rest; in becoming Pope; had to fear him; Rouen and the
  Spaniards excepted; the latter from their relationship and obligations; the
  former   from   his   influence;   the   kingdom   of   France   having   relations   with
  him。    Therefore;     above     everything;    the   duke    ought    to  have    created   a
  Spaniard Pope; and; failing him; he ought to have consented to Rouen and
  not San Pietro ad Vincula。 He who believes that new benefits will cause
  great   personages   to   forget   old   injuries   is   deceived。   Therefore;   the   duke
  erred in his choice; and it was the cause of his ultimate ruin。
  '*' San Giorgio is Raffaello Riario。 Ascanio is Ascanio Sforza。
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  The Prince
  CHAPTER VIII
  CONCERNING THOSE WHO HAVE OBTAINED A
  PRINCIPALITY BY WICKEDNESS
  Although a prince may rise from a private station in two ways; neither
  of which can be entirely attributed to fortune or genius; yet it is manifest
  to   me   that   I   must   not   be   silent   on   them;   although   one   could   be   more
  copiously     treated   when    I  discuss   republics。    These    methods    are   when;
  either by some wicked or nefarious ways; one ascends to the principality;
  or when by the favour of his fellow…citizens a private person becomes the
  prince    of   his  country。    And    speaking    of  the   first  method;    it  will  be
  illustrated by two examplesone ancient; the other modernand   without
  entering further into the subject; I consider these two examples will suffice
  those who may be compelled to follow them。
  Agathocles; the Sicilian;'*' became King of Syracuse not only from a
  private but from a low and abject position。 This man; the son of a potter;
  through     all  the  changes     in  his  fortunes   always    led   an  infamous     life。
  Nevertheless; he accompanied his infamies with so much ability of mind
  and body that; having devoted himself to the military profession; he rose
  through   its   ranks   to   be   Praetor   of   Syracuse。   Being   established   in   that
  position; and having deliberately resolved to make himself prince and to
  seize    by   violence;   without    obligation    to  others;   that  which    had   been
  conceded to him by assent; he came to an understanding for this purpose
  with Amilcar; the Carthaginian; who; with his army; was fighting in Sicily。
  One morning he assembled the people and the senate of Syracuse; as if he
  had to   discuss   with   them  things   relating to the  Republic;  and   at   a  given
  signal   the   soldiers   killed   all   the   senators   and   the   richest   of   the   people;
  these dead; he seized and held the princedom of that city without any civil
  commotion。 And although he was twice routed by the Carthaginians; and
  ultimately   besieged;      yet  not  only   was    he  able   to  defend   his  city;  but
  leaving part of his men for its defence; with the others he attacked Africa;
  and    in  a  short   time   raised   the  siege   of  Syracuse。    The   Carthaginians;
  reduced     to  extreme    necessity;    were   compelled     to  come    to  terms   with
  Agathocles;      and;   leaving    Sicily   to  him;   had   to   be  content    with   the
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  possession of Africa。
  '*' Agathocles the Sicilian; born 361 B。C。; died 289 B。C。
  Therefore;   he   who   considers   the   actions   and   the   genius   of   this   man
  will see nothing; or little; which can be attributed to fortune; inasmuch as
  he attained pre…eminence; as is shown above; not by the favour of any one;
  but step by step in the military profession; which steps were gained with a
  thousand troubles and perils; and were afterwards boldly held by him with
  many   hazardous   dangers。   Yet   it   cannot   be   called   talent   to   slay   fellow…
  citizens;   to   deceive   friends;   to   be   without   faith;   without   mercy;   without
  religion; such methods may gain empire; but not glory。 Still; if the courage
  of   Agathocles   in   entering   into   and   extricating   himself   from   dangers   be
  considered;       together     with    his   greatness      of   mind     in   enduring     and
  overcoming hardships; it cannot be seen why he should be esteemed less
  than   the   most   notable   captain。   Nevertheless;   his   barbarous   cruelty   and
  inhumanity  with   infinite   wickedness   do   not   permit   him  to   be   celebrated
  among   the   most   excellent   men。   What   he   achieved   cannot   be   attributed
  either to fortune or genius。
  In   our   times;   during   the   rule   of   Alexander   the   Sixth;   Oliverotto   da
  Fermo; having been left an orphan many years before; was brought up by
  his maternal uncle; Giovanni Fogliani; and in the early days of his youth
  sent to fight under Pagolo Vitelli; that; being trained under his discipline;
  he might attain some high position in the military profession。 After Pagolo
  died;   he   fought   under   his   brother   Vitellozzo;   and   in   a   very   short   time;
  being   endowed   with   wit   and   a   vigorous   body   and   mind;   he   became   the
  first man in his profession。 But it appearing a paltry thing to serve under
  others; he resolved; with the aid of some citizens of Fermo; to whom the
  slavery of their country was dearer than its liberty; and with the help of the
  Vitelleschi; to seize Fermo。 So he wrote to Giovanni Fogliani that; having
  been away from home for many years; he wished to visit him and his city;
  and in some measure to look upon his patrimony; and although he had not
  laboured to acquire anything except honour; yet; in order that the citizens
  should      see   he   had   not   spent    his  time    in  vain;    he   desired    to  come
  honourably;       so  would     be   accompanied       by   one   hundred     horsemen;      his
  friends and retainers; and he entreated Giovanni to arrange that he should
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  be received honourably by the Fermians; all of which would be not only to
  his honour; but also to that of Giovanni himself; who had brought him up。
  Giovanni; therefore; did not fail in any attentions due to his nephew;
  and   he   caused   him   to   be   honourably   received   by   the   Fermians;   and   he
  lodged him in his own house; where; having passed some days; and having
  arranged   what   was   necessary   for   his   wicked   designs;   Oliverotto   gave   a
  solemn banquet to which he invited Giovanni Fogliani and the chiefs of
  Fermo。 When the viands and all the other entertainments that are usual in
  such     banquets     were    finished;   Oliverotto     artfully   began     certain   grave
  discourses;      speaking    of   the  greatness    of   Pope   Alexander      and   his   son
  Cesare; and of their enterprises;  to which discourse Giovanni and   others
  answered;      but   he   rose  at  once;    saying   that   such   matters    ought    to  be
  discussed   in   a   more   private   place;   and   he   betook   himself   to   a   chamber;
  whither Giovanni and the rest of the citizens went in after him。 No sooner
  were they seated than soldiers issued from secret places and slaughtered
  Giovanni       and   the   rest。  After    these   murders     Oliverotto;     mounted      on
  horseback; rode up and down the town and besieged the chief magistrate
  in the palace; so that in fear the people were forced to obey him; and to
  form a government; of which he made himself the prince。 He killed all the
  malcontents who were able to injure him; and strengthened himself with
  new civil and military ordinances; in such a way that; in the year during
  which he held the principality; not only was he secure in the city of Fermo;
  but he had become formidable to all