第 10 节
作者:
津夏 更新:2021-02-27 02:39 字数:9322
Orsini; having scattered the adherents of the Colonna house。 This came to
him soon and he used it well; for the Orsini; perceiving at length that the
aggrandizement of the duke and the Church was ruin to them; called a
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meeting of the Magione in Perugia。 From this sprung the rebellion at
Urbino and the tumults in the Romagna; with endless dangers to the duke;
all of which he overcame with the help of the French。 Having restored his
authority; not to leave it at risk by trusting either to the French or other
outside forces; he had recourse to his wiles; and he knew so well how to
conceal his mind that; by the mediation of Signor Pagolowhom the duke
did not fail to secure with all kinds of attention; giving him money; apparel;
and horsesthe Orsini were reconciled; so that their simplicity brought
them into his power at Sinigalia。'*' Having exterminated the leaders; and
turned their partisans into his friends; the duke laid sufficiently good
foundations to his power; having all the Romagna and the Duchy of
Urbino; and the people now beginning to appreciate their prosperity; he
gained them all over to himself。 And as this point is worthy of notice; and
to be imitated by others; I am not willing to leave it out。
'*' Sinigalia; 31st December 1502。
When the duke occupied the Romagna he found it under the rule of
weak masters; who rather plundered their subjects than ruled them; and
gave them more cause for disunion than for union; so that the country was
full of robbery; quarrels; and every kind of violence; and so; wishing to
bring back peace and obedience to authority; he considered it necessary to
give it a good governor。 Thereupon he promoted Messer Ramiro d'Orco;'*'
a swift and cruel man; to whom he gave the fullest power。 This man in a
short time restored peace and unity with the greatest success。 Afterwards
the duke considered that it was not advisable to confer such excessive
authority; for he had no doubt but that he would become odious; so he set
up a court of judgment in the country; under a most excellent president;
wherein all cities had their advocates。 And because he knew that the past
severity had caused some hatred against himself; so; to clear himself in the
minds of the people; and gain them entirely to himself; he desired to show
that; if any cruelty had been practised; it had not originated with him; but
in the natural sternness of the minister。 Under this pretence he took
Ramiro; and one morning caused him to be executed and left on the piazza
at Cesena with the block and a bloody knife at his side。 The barbarity of
this spectacle caused the people to be at once satisfied and dismayed。
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'*' Ramiro d'Orco。 Ramiro de Lorqua。
But let us return whence we started。 I say that the duke; finding
himself now sufficiently powerful and partly secured from immediate
dangers by having armed himself in his own way; and having in a great
measure crushed those forces in his vicinity that could injure him if he
wished to proceed with his conquest; had next to consider France; for he
knew that the king; who too late was aware of his mistake; would not
support him。 And from this time he began to seek new alliances and to
temporize with France in the expedition which she was making towards
the kingdom of Naples against the Spaniards who were besieging Gaeta。 It
was his intention to secure himself against them; and this he would have
quickly accomplished had Alexander lived。
Such was his line of action as to present affairs。 But as to the future he
had to fear; in the first place; that a new successor to the Church might not
be friendly to him and might seek to take from him that which Alexander
had given him; so he decided to act in four ways。 Firstly; by exterminating
the families of those lords whom he had despoiled; so as to take away that
pretext from the Pope。 Secondly; by winning to himself all the gentlemen
of Rome; so as to be able to curb the Pope with their aid; as has been
observed。 Thirdly; by converting the college more to himself。 Fourthly; by
acquiring so much power before the Pope should die that he could by his
own measures resist the first shock。 Of these four things; at the death of
Alexander; he had accomplished three。 For he had killed as many of the
dispossessed lords as he could lay hands on; and few had escaped; he had
won over the Roman gentlemen; and he had the most numerous party in
the college。 And as to any fresh acquisition; he intended to become master
of Tuscany; for he already possessed Perugia and Piombino; and Pisa was
under his protection。 And as he had no longer to study France (for the
French were already driven out of the kingdom of Naples by the Spaniards;
and in this way both were compelled to buy his goodwill); he pounced
down upon Pisa。 After this; Lucca and Siena yielded at once; partly
through hatred and partly through fear of the Florentines; and the
Florentines would have had no remedy had he continued to prosper; as he
was prospering the year that Alexander died; for he had acquired so much
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power and reputation that he would have stood by himself; and no longer
have depended on the luck and the forces of others; but solely on his own
power and ability。
But Alexander died five years after he had first drawn the sword。 He
left the duke with the state of Romagna alone consolidated; with the rest in
the air; between two most powerful hostile armies; and sick unto death。
Yet there were in the duke such boldness and ability; and he knew so well
how men are to be won or lost; and so firm were the foundations which in
so short a time he had laid; that if he had not had those armies on his back;
or if he had been in good health; he would have overcome all difficulties。
And it is seen that his foundations were good; for the Romagna awaited
him for more than a month。 In Rome; although but half alive; he remained
secure; and whilst the Baglioni; the Vitelli; and the Orsini might come to
Rome; they could not effect anything against him。 If he could not have
made Pope him whom he wished; at least the one whom he did not wish
would not have been elected。 But if he had been in sound health at the
death of Alexander;'*' everything would have been different to him。 On
the day that Julius the Second'+' was elected; he told me that he had
thought of everything that might occur at the death of his father; and had
provided a remedy for all; except that he had never anticipated that; when
the death did happen; he himself would be on the point to die。
'*' Alexander VI died of fever; 18th August 1503。
'+' Julius II was Giuliano della Rovere; Cardinal of San Pietro ad
Vincula; born 1443; died 1513。
When all the actions of the duke are recalled; I do not know how to
blame him; but rather it appears to be; as I have said; that I ought to offer
him for imitation to all those who; by the fortune or the arms of others; are
raised to government。 Because he; having a lofty spirit and far…reaching
aims; could not have regulated his conduct otherwise; and only the
shortness of the life of Alexander and his own sickness frustrated his
designs。 Therefore; he who considers it necessary to secure himself in his
new principality; to win friends; to overcome either by force or fraud; to
make himself beloved and feared by the people; to be followed and
revered by the soldiers; to exterminate those who have power or reason to
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hurt him; to change the old order of things for new; to be severe and
gracious; magnanimous and liberal; to destroy a disloyal soldiery and to
create new; to maintain friendship