第 7 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9319
  reasonable and quite natural。 And on these matters I spoke at Nantes with
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  Rouen; when Valentino; as Cesare Borgia; the son of Pope Alexander; was
  usually called; occupied the Romagna; and on Cardinal Rouen observing
  to   me   that   the   Italians   did   not   understand   war;   I   replied   to   him   that   the
  French did not understand statecraft; meaning that otherwise they would
  not have allowed the Church to reach such greatness。 And in fact is has
  been seen that the greatness of the Church and of Spain in Italy has been
  caused   by   France;   and   her   ruin   may   be   attributed   to   them。   From   this   a
  general rule is drawn which never or rarely fails: that he who is the cause
  of another  becoming   powerful is   ruined; because that   predominancy  has
  been   brought   about   either   by   astuteness   or   else   by   force;   and   both   are
  distrusted by him who has been raised to power。
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  CHAPTER IV
  WHY THE KINGDOM OF DARIUS; CONQUERED BY
  ALEXANDER; DID NOT REBEL AGAINST THE SUCCESSORS
  OF ALEXANDER AT HIS DEATH
  Considering   the   difficulties   which   men   have   had   to   hold   to   a   newly
  acquired state; some might wonder how; seeing that Alexander the Great
  became the master of Asia in a few years; and died whilst it was scarcely
  settled (whence it might appear   reasonable that the whole empire   would
  have   rebelled);   nevertheless   his   successors   maintained   themselves;   and
  had to   meet no   other difficulty  than that   which arose   among   themselves
  from their own ambitions。
  I answer that the principalities of which one has record are found to be
  governed in two different ways; either by a prince; with a body of servants;
  who   assist   him   to   govern   the   kingdom   as   ministers   by   his   favour   and
  permission; or by a prince and barons; who hold that dignity by antiquity
  of blood and not by the grace of the prince。 Such barons have states and
  their own subjects; who recognize them as lords and hold them in natural
  affection。 Those states that are governed by a prince and his servants hold
  their prince in more consideration; because in all the country there is no
  one who is recognized as superior to him; and if they yield obedience to
  another they do it as to a minister and official; and they do not bear him
  any particular affection。
  The examples of these two governments in our time are the Turk and
  the King of France。 The entire monarchy of the Turk is governed by one
  lord; the others are his servants; and; dividing his kingdom into sanjaks; he
  sends   there   different   administrators;   and   shifts   and   changes   them   as   he
  chooses。 But the King of France is placed in the midst of an ancient body
  of lords; acknowledged by their own subjects; and beloved by them; they
  have their own prerogatives; nor can the king take these away except at his
  peril。 Therefore; he who considers both of these states will recognize great
  difficulties in seizing the state of the Turk; but; once it is conquered; great
  ease in holding it。 The causes of the difficulties in seizing the kingdom of
  the   Turk   are   that   the   usurper   cannot   be   called   in   by   the   princes   of   the
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  kingdom;  nor   can   he   hope   to   be   assisted   in   his   designs   by  the   revolt   of
  those whom the lord has around him。 This arises from the reasons given
  above;      for  his   ministers;    being    all  slaves    and   bondmen;       can   only    be
  corrupted   with great   difficulty;  and   one   can   expect   little   advantage from
  them when they have been corrupted; as they cannot carry the people with
  them; for the reasons assigned。 Hence; he who attacks the Turk must bear
  in mind that he will find him united; and he will have to rely more on his
  own strength than on the revolt of others; but; if once the Turk has been
  conquered; and routed in the field in such a way that he cannot replace his
  armies; there is nothing to fear but the family of this prince; and; this being
  exterminated;   there   remains   no   one   to   fear;   the   others   having   no   credit
  with   the   people;   and   as   the   conqueror   did   not   rely   on   them   before   his
  victory; so he ought not to fear them after it。
  The     contrary     happens     in  kingdoms       governed      like   that  of   France;
  because   one   can   easily   enter   there   by   gaining   over   some   baron   of   the
  kingdom; for one always finds malcontents and such as desire a change。
  Such   men;   for   the   reasons   given;   can   open   the   way   into   the   state   and
  render   the   victory  easy;   but   if   you   wish   to   hold   it   afterwards;   you   meet
  with infinite difficulties; both from those who have assisted you and from
  those you have crushed。 Nor is it enough for you to have exterminated the
  family of the prince; because the lords that remain   make themselves   the
  heads   of   fresh   movements   against   you;   and   as   you   are   unable   either   to
  satisfy   or   exterminate   them;   that   state   is   lost   whenever   time   brings   the
  opportunity。
  Now  if   you   will   consider   what   was   the   nature of   the government   of
  Darius; you will find it similar to the kingdom of the Turk; and therefore it
  was only necessary for Alexander; first to overthrow him in the field; and
  then to take the country from him。 After which victory; Darius being killed;
  the state remained secure to Alexander; for the above reasons。 And if his
  successors   had   been   united   they   would   have   enjoyed   it   securely   and   at
  their ease; for there were no tumults raised in the kingdom except those
  they provoked themselves。
  But it is impossible to hold with such tranquillity states constituted like
  that of France。 Hence arose those frequent rebellions against the Romans
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  in Spain; France; and Greece; owing to the many principalities there were
  in   these   states;   of   which;   as   long   as   the   memory   of   them   endured;   the
  Romans always held an insecure possession; but with the power and long
  continuance   of   the   empire   the   memory   of   them   passed   away;   and   the
  Romans   then   became   secure   possessors。   And   when   fighting   afterwards
  amongst themselves; each one was able to attach to himself his own parts
  of the country; according to the authority he had assumed there; and the
  family of the former lord being exterminated; none other than the Romans
  were acknowledged。
  When these things are remembered no one will marvel at the ease with
  which   Alexander   held   the   Empire   of   Asia;   or   at   the   difficulties   which
  others have had to keep an acquisition; such as Pyrrhus and many more;
  this is not occasioned by the little or abundance of ability in the conqueror;
  but by the want of uniformity in the subject state。
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  CHAPTER V
  CONCERNING THE WAY TO GOVERN CITIES OR
  PRINCIPALITIES WHICH LIVED UNDER THEIR OWN LAWS
  BEFORE THEY WERE ANNEXED
  Whenever those states which have been acquired as stated have been
  accustomed to live under their own laws and in freedom; there are three
  courses for those who wish to hold them: the first is to ruin them; the next
  is to reside there in person; the third is to permit them to live under their
  own laws; drawing a tribute; and establishing within it an oligarchy which
  will keep it friendly to you。 Because such a government; being created by
  the prince; knows that it cannot stand without his friendship and interest;
  and does it utmost to support him; and therefore he who would keep a city
  accustomed to freedom will hold it more easily by the means of its own
  citizens than in any other way。
  There   are;   for   example;   the   Spartans   and   the   Romans。   The   Spartans
  held Athens and Thebes; establishing there an oligarchy; nevertheless they
  lost them。 The Romans; in order to hold Capua; Carthage; and Numantia;
  dismantled them; and did not lose them。 They wished to hold Greece as
  the   Spartans