用户名: 密码: 记住

背景色:前景色:字体:[很小较小中等较大很大]
第 5 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  For these reasons Louis the Twelfth; King of France; quickly occupied
  Milan;   and   as   quickly   lost   it;   and   to   turn   him   out   the   first   time   it   only
  needed Lodovico's own forces; because those who had opened the gates to
  him; finding themselves deceived in their hopes of future benefit; would
  not   endure   the   ill…treatment   of   the   new   prince。   It   is   very   true   that;   after
  acquiring rebellious provinces a second time; they are not so lightly lost
  afterwards; because the prince; with little reluctance; takes the opportunity
  of the rebellion to punish the delinquents; to clear out the suspects; and to
  strengthen   himself   in   the   weakest   places。   Thus   to   cause   France   to   lose
  Milan   the   first   time   it   was   enough   for   the   Duke   Lodovico'*'   to   raise
  insurrections on the borders; but to cause him to lose it a second time it
  was necessary to bring the whole world against him; and that his armies
  should be defeated and driven out of Italy; which followed from the causes
  above mentioned。
  17
  … Page 18…
  The Prince
  '*'   Duke   Lodovico   was   Lodovico   Moro;   a   son   of   Francesco   Sforza;
  who married Beatrice d'Este。 He ruled over Milan from 1494 to 1500; and
  died in 1510。
  Nevertheless      Milan    was    taken   from   France     both   the  first  and   the
  second   time。   The   general   reasons   for   the   first   have   been   discussed;   it
  remains to name those for the second; and to see what resources he had;
  and what any one in his situation would have had for maintaining himself
  more securely in his acquisition than did the King of France。
  Now I say that those dominions which; when acquired; are added to an
  ancient state by him who acquires them; are either of the same country and
  language;      or  they   are  not。   When     they  are;   it  is  easier  to  hold   them;
  especially when they have not been accustomed to self… government; and
  to   hold   them   securely   it   is   enough   to   have   destroyed   the   family   of   the
  prince who was ruling them; because the two peoples; preserving in other
  things the old conditions; and not being unlike in customs; will live quietly
  together; as one has seen in Brittany; Burgundy; Gascony; and Normandy;
  which have been bound to France for so long a time: and; although there
  may be some difference in language; nevertheless the customs are alike;
  and the people will easily be able to get on amongst themselves。 He who
  has annexed them; if he wishes to hold them; has only to bear in mind two
  considerations: the one; that the family of their former lord is extinguished;
  the other; that neither their laws nor their taxes are altered; so that in a very
  short time they will become entirely one body with the old principality。
  But    when    states   are  acquired     in  a  country    differing    in  language;
  customs; or laws; there are difficulties; and good fortune and great energy
  are needed to hold them; and one of the greatest and most real helps would
  be that he who has acquired them should go and reside there。 This would
  make his position more secure and durable; as it has made that of the Turk
  in Greece; who; notwithstanding all the other measures taken by him for
  holding that state; if he had not settled there; would not have been able to
  keep it。 Because; if one is on the spot; disorders are seen as they spring up;
  and one can quickly remedy them; but if one is not at hand; they are heard
  of   only   when   they   are   great;   and   then   one   can   no   longer   remedy   them。
  Besides this; the country is not pillaged by your officials; the subjects are
  18
  … Page 19…
  The Prince
  satisfied by prompt recourse to the prince; thus; wishing to be good; they
  have more cause to love him; and wishing to be otherwise; to fear him。 He
  who would attack that state from the outside must have the utmost caution;
  as long as the prince resides there it can only be wrested from him with the
  greatest difficulty。
  The other and better course is to send colonies to one or two places;
  which may be as keys to that state; for it is necessary either to do this or
  else to keep there a great number of cavalry and infantry。 A prince does
  not spend much on colonies; for with little or no expense he can send them
  out   and   keep   them  there;  and   he   offends   a   minority  only  of   the   citizens
  from whom he takes lands and houses to give them to the new inhabitants;
  and those whom he offends; remaining poor and scattered; are never able
  to injure him; whilst the rest being uninjured are easily kept quiet; and at
  the same time are anxious not to err for fear it should happen to them as it
  has   to   those   who   have   been   despoiled。   In   conclusion;   I   say   that   these
  colonies   are   not   costly;   they   are   more   faithful;   they   injure   less;   and   the
  injured; as has been said; being poor and scattered; cannot hurt。 Upon this;
  one   has   to   remark   that   men   ought   either   to   be   well   treated   or   crushed;
  because   they   can   avenge   themselves   of   lighter   injuries;   of   more   serious
  ones they cannot; therefore the injury that is to be done to a man ought to
  be of such a kind that one does not stand in fear of revenge。
  But in maintaining armed   men there in place of colonies one spends
  much   more;   having   to   consume   on   the garrison   all   the   income   from  the
  state;    so   that  the   acquisition     turns    into   a  loss;   and   many     more     are
  exasperated; because the whole state is injured; through the shifting of the
  garrison      up   and   down     all  become      acquainted      with   hardship;     and    all
  become   hostile;   and   they   are   enemies   who;   whilst   beaten   on   their   own
  ground; are yet able to do hurt。 For every reason; therefore; such guards
  are as useless as a colony is useful。
  Again; the prince who holds a country differing in the above respects
  ought     to   make     himself    the   head    and    defender     of   his  less   powerful
  neighbours; and to weaken the more powerful amongst them; taking care
  that   no   foreigner   as   powerful   as   himself   shall;   by   any   accident;   get   a
  footing there; for it will always happen that such a one will be introduced
  19
  … Page 20…
  The Prince
  by    those    who    are   discontented;     either    through    excess    of   ambition     or
  through   fear;   as   one   has   seen   already。   The   Romans   were   brought   into
  Greece by the Aetolians; and in every other country where they obtained a
  footing they were brought in by the inhabitants。 And the usual course of
  affairs   is   that;   as   soon   as   a   powerful   foreigner   enters   a   country;   all   the
  subject   states   are   drawn   to   him;   moved   by   the   hatred   which   they   feel
  against the ruling power。 So that in respect to those subject states he has
  not to take any trouble to gain them over to himself; for the whole of them
  quickly rally to the state which he has acquired there。 He has only to take
  care that they do not get hold of too much power and too much authority;
  and then with his own forces; and with their goodwill; he can easily keep
  down the more powerful of them; so as to remain entirely  master in the
  country。 And   he   who   does   not   properly   manage   this   business   will   soon
  lose what he has acquired; and whilst he does hold it he will have endless
  difficulties and troubles。
  The   Romans;   in   the   countries   which   they   annexed;   observed   closely
  these     measures;     they    sent   colonies     and   maintained       friendly    relations
  with'*'   the   minor   powers;   without   increasing   their   strength;   they   kept
  down   the   greater;   and   did   not   allow   any   strong   foreign   powers   to   gain
  authority。 Greece appears to me sufficient for an example。 The Achaeans
  and Aetolians were kept friendly by them; the kingdom of Macedonia was
  humbled; Antiochus   was   driven   out;   yet   the   merits   of   the Achaeans   and
  Aetolians never secured for them permission to increase their power; nor
  did   the   persuasions   of   Philip   ever   induce   the   Romans   to   be   his   friends
  without first humbling him; nor did the influence of Antiochus make them
  agree   that   he   should   retain   any   lordship   over   the   country。   Because   the
  Romans did in these instances wha