第 3 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9321
  remarkable that; as; in 1513; Machiavelli had written 〃The Prince〃 for the
  instruction of the Medici after they had just regained power in Florence; so;
  in 1525; he dedicated the 〃History of Florence〃 to the head of the family
  when its ruin was now at hand。 In that year the battle of Pavia destroyed
  the French rule in Italy; and left Francis I a prisoner in the hands of his
  great rival; Charles V。 This was followed by the sack of Rome; upon the
  news   of   which   the   popular   party   at   Florence   threw   off   the   yoke   of   the
  Medici; who were once more banished。
  Machiavelli   was   absent   from   Florence   at   this   time;   but   hastened   his
  return;   hoping   to   secure   his   former   office   of   secretary   to   the   〃Ten   of
  Liberty   and   Peace。〃   Unhappily   he   was   taken   ill   soon   after   he   reached
  Florence; where he died on 22nd June 1527。
  THE MAN AND HIS WORKS
  No   one   can   say   where   the   bones   of   Machiavelli   rest;   but   modern
  Florence has decreed him a stately cenotaph in Santa Croce; by the side of
  her most famous sons; recognizing that; whatever other nations may have
  found in his works; Italy found in them the idea of her unity and the germs
  of her renaissance among the nations of Europe。 Whilst it is idle to protest
  against    the   world…wide      and   evil  signification    of  his  name;    it  may   be
  pointed out that the harsh construction of his doctrine which this sinister
  reputation implies was unknown to his own day; and that the researches of
  recent times have enabled us to interpret him more reasonably。 It is due to
  these inquiries that the shape of an 〃unholy necromancer;〃 which so long
  haunted men's vision; has begun to fade。
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  The Prince
  Machiavelli   was   undoubtedly   a   man   of   great   observation;   acuteness;
  and   industry;   noting   with   appreciative   eye   whatever   passed   before   him;
  and   with   his   supreme   literary   gift   turning   it   to   account   in   his   enforced
  retirement from affairs。 He does not present himself; nor is he depicted by
  his   contemporaries;   as   a   type   of   that   rare   combination;   the   successful
  statesman       and   author;    for   he   appears    to   have    been    only   moderately
  prosperous   in   his   several   embassies   and   political   employments。   He   was
  misled   by   Catherina   Sforza;   ignored   by   Louis   XII;   overawed   by   Cesare
  Borgia; several of his embassies were quite barren of results; his attempts
  to   fortify   Florence      failed;   and   the   soldiery    that   he   raised   astonished
  everybody  by  their   cowardice。   In   the   conduct   of   his   own   affairs   he   was
  timid   and   time…serving;   he   dared   not   appear   by   the   side   of   Soderini;   to
  whom he owed so much; for fear of compromising himself; his connection
  with   the   Medici   was   open   to   suspicion;   and   Giuliano   appears   to   have
  recognized       his   real  forte   when     he   set   him    to  write   the   〃History     of
  Florence;〃 rather than employ him in the state。 And it is on the literary side
  of his character; and there alone; that we find no weakness and no failure。
  Although the light of almost four centuries has been focused on 〃The
  Prince;〃 its problems are still debatable and interesting; because they are
  the eternal problems between the ruled and their rulers。 Such as they are;
  its   ethics   are   those   of   Machiavelli's   contemporaries;   yet   they   cannot   be
  said   to   be   out   of   date   so   long   as   the   governments   of   Europe   rely   on
  material      rather    than    on    moral     forces。    Its   historical    incidents     and
  personages   become   interesting   by   reason   of   the   uses   which   Machiavelli
  makes of them to illustrate his theories of government and conduct。
  Leaving out of consideration those maxims of state which still furnish
  some      European      and   eastern    statesmen     with    principles    of  action;    〃The
  Prince〃 is bestrewn with truths that can be proved at every turn。 Men are
  still the dupes of their simplicity and greed; as they were in the days   of
  Alexander       VI。    The    cloak    of  religion    still  conceals     the   vices    which
  Machiavelli laid bare in the character of Ferdinand of Aragon。 Men will
  not look at things as they really are; but as they wish them to beand are
  ruined。 In politics there are no perfectly safe courses; prudence consists in
  choosing   the   least   dangerous   ones。   Then   to   pass   to   a   higher   plane
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  The Prince
  Machiavelli reiterates that; although crimes   may  win an empire; they  do
  not win glory。 Necessary wars are just wars; and the arms of a nation are
  hallowed when it has no other resource but to fight。
  It   is   the   cry   of   a   far   later   day   than   Machiavelli's   that   government
  should   be   elevated   into   a   living     moral   force;   capable   of   inspiring   the
  people with a just recognition of the fundamental principles of society; to
  this    〃high   argument〃       〃The    Prince〃    contributes     but   little。  Machiavelli
  always refused to write either of men or of governments otherwise than as
  he found them; and he writes with such skill and insight that his work is of
  abiding   value。   But   what   invests   〃The   Prince〃   with   more   than   a   merely
  artistic or historical interest is the incontrovertible truth that it deals with
  the    great    principles     which     still  guide     nations     and   rulers    in   their
  relationship with each other and their neighbours。
  In translating 〃The Prince〃 my aim has been to achieve at all costs an
  exact     literal  rendering    of   the  original;    rather   than   a  fluent   paraphrase
  adapted to the modern notions of style and expression。 Machiavelli was no
  facile phrasemonger; the conditions under which he wrote obliged him to
  weigh every word; his themes were lofty; his substance grave; his manner
  nobly   plain   and   serious。   〃Quis   eo   fuit   unquam   in   partiundis   rebus;   in
  definiendis; in explanandis pressior?〃 In 〃The Prince;〃 it may be truly said;
  there is reason assignable; not only for every word; but for the position of
  every   word。   To   an   Englishman   of   Shakespeare's   time   the   translation   of
  such a treatise was in some ways a comparatively easy task; for in those
  times the genius of the English more nearly resembled that of the Italian
  language; to the Englishman of to…day it is not so simple。 To take a single
  example: the word 〃intrattenere;〃 employed by Machiavelli to indicate the
  policy adopted by the Roman Senate towards the weaker states of Greece;
  would      by   an  Elizabethan      be  correctly    rendered     〃entertain;〃     and   every
  contemporary   reader   would   understand   what   was   meant   by   saying   that
  〃Rome   entertained   the  Aetolians   and   the   Achaeans   without   augmenting
  their    power。〃     But    to…day    such    a   phrase    would      seem    obsolete     and
  ambiguous;        if  not   unmeaning:      we    are   compelled      to  say   that   〃Rome
  maintained friendly relations with the Aetolians;〃 etc。; using four words to
  do the work of one。 I have tried to preserve the pithy brevity of the Italian
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  The Prince
  so far as was consistent with an absolute fidelity to the sense。 If the result
  be an occasional asperity I can only hope that the reader; in his eagerness
  to reach the author's meaning; may overlook the roughness of the road that
  leads him to it。
  The following is a list of the works of Machiavelli:
  Principal   works。   Discorso   sopra   le   cose   di   Pisa;   1499;   Del   modo   di
  trattare   i   popoli   della   Valdichiana   ribellati;   1502;   Del   modo   tenuto   dal
  duca   Valentino   nell'   ammazzare   Vitellozzo   Vitelli;   Oliverotto   da   Fermo;
  etc。;   1502;    Discorso    sopra    la  provisione    del   danaro;    1502;    Decennale
  primo (poem in terza rima); 1506; Ritratti delle cose dell' Alemagna; 1508…
  12; Decennale secondo; 1509; Ritratti delle cose di Francia; 1510; Discorsi
  sopra la prima deca di T。 Livio; 3 vols。; 1512…17; Il Principe; 1513; Andria;
  comedy translated from Terence; 1513 (?); Mandragola; prose comedy in
  five   acts;   with   prologue   in   verse;   1513;   Della   lingua   (dialogue);   1514;
  Clizia;