establishments　entered　on　its　adventures　and　attained　its
  distinctive　character；　were　men　who；　at　one　point　or　another　in
  their　administration　of　academic　policy；　entertained　a　sincerely
  conceived　scholarly　ambition　to　create　a　substantial　university；
  an　institution　of　learning。（11*）　And；　in　a　general　way；　the　two
  attempts　have　equally　failed　of　their　avowed　initial　purpose。
  In　the　persons　of　their　discretionary　heads；　the　two
  enterprises　were　from　the　outset　animated　with　widely　divergent
  ideals　and　aspirations　in　matters　of　scholarship；　and　with
  singularly　dissimilar　and　distinctive　traits　of　character；
  resembling　one　another　in　little　else　than　a　sincere　devotion　to
  the　cause　of　scholarship　and　an　unhampered　discretion　in　their
  autocratic　management　of　affairs；　but　it　is　an　illuminating
  comment　on　the　force　of　circumstances　governing　these　matters；
  that　these　two　establishments　have　gone　down　to　substantially　the
  same　kind　and　degree　of　defeat；　　a　defeat　not　extreme　but
  typical；　both　in　kind　and　degree。　In　the　one　case；　the　more
  notorious；　the　initial　aim　（well　known　to　persons　intimately　in
  touch　with　the　relevant　facts　at　the　time）　was　the　pursuit　of
  scholarship；　somewhat　blatant　perhaps；　but　none　the　less　sincere
  and　thoughtful；　in　the　companion…piece　it　was　in　a　like　degree
  the　pursuit　of　scientific　knowledge　and　serviceability；　though；
  it　is　true；　unschooled　and　puzzle…headed　to　a　degree。　In　both
  enterprises　alike　the　discretionary　heads　so　placed　in　control
  had　been　selected　by　individual　businessmen　of　the　untutored
  sort；　and　were　vested　with　plenary　powers。　Under　pressure　of
  circumstances；　in　both　cases　alike；　the　policy　of　forceful
  initiative　and　innovation；　with　which　both　alike　entered　on　the
  enterprise；　presently　yielded　to　the　ubiquitous　craving　for
  statistical　magnitude　and　the　consequent　felt　need　of
  conciliatory　publicity；　until　presently　the　ulterior　object　of
  both　was　lost　in　the　shadow　of　these　immediate　and　urgent
  manoeuvres　of　expediency；　and　it　became　the　rule　of　policy　to
  stick　at　nothing　but　appearances。
  So　that　both　establishments　have　come　substantially　to
  surrender　the　university　ideal；　through　loss　of　effectual
  initiative　and　courage；　and　so　have　found　themselves　running
  substantially　the　same　course　of　insidious　compromise　with
  〃vocational〃　aims；　undergraduate　methods；　and　the　counsels　of　the
  Philistines。　The　life…history　of　each；　while　differing　widely　in
  detail　of　ways　and　methods；　is　after　all　macle　up；　for　the
  greater　part；　of　futile　extensions；　expansions；　annexations；
  ramifications；　affiliations　and　pronunciamentos；　in　matters　that
  are　no　more　germane　to　the　cause　of　learning　than　is　the　state　of
  the　weather。　In　the　one　case；　the　chase　after　a　sufficient
  notoriety　took　the　direction　of　a　ravenous　megalomania；　the
  busiest　concern　of　which　presently　came　to　be　how　most
  conspicuously　to　prolong　a　shout　into　polysyllables；　and　the
  further　fact　that　this　clamorous　raid　on　the　sensibilities　of　the
  gallery　was　presently；　on　a　change　of　executive　personnel；
  succeeded　by　a　genial　surrender　to　time　and　tide；　an　aimless
  gum…shod　pusillanimity；　has　apparently　changed　the　drift　of
  things　in　no　very　appreciable　degree。（12*）
  In　the　companion…piece；　the　enterprise　has　been　brought　to
  the　like　manner　and　degree　of　stultification　under　the　simple
  guidance　of　an　hysterically　meticulous　deference　to　all　else　than
  the　main　facts。　In　both　cases　alike　the　executive　solicitude　has
  come　to　converge　on　a　self…centred　and　irresponsible　government
  of　intolerance；　differing　chiefly　in　the　degree　of　its
  efficiency。　Of　course；　through　all　this　drift　of　stultification
  there　has　always　remained　　decus　et　solamen　　something　of　an
  amiably　inefficient　and　optimistic　solicitude　for　the　advancement
  of　learning　at　large；　in　some　unspecified　manner　and　bearing；
  some　time；　but　not　to　interfere　with　the　business　in　hand。
  It　is　not　that　either　of　these　two　great　schools　is　to　be
  rated　as　useless　for　whatever　each　is　good　for；　but　only　that
  that　pursuit　of　learning　on　which　both　set　out　in　the　beginning
  has　fallen　into　abeyance；　by　force　of　circumstances　as　they
  impinge　on　the　sensibilities　of　a　discretionary　executive。　As
  vocational　schools　and　as　establishments　for　the　diffusion　of
  salutary　advice　on　the　state　of　mankind　at　large；　both　are
  doubtless　all　that　might　be　desired；　particularly　in　respect　of
  their　statistical　showing。　It　is　only　that　the　affairs　of　the
  higher　learning　have　come　definitively　to　take　a　subsidiary；　or
  putative；　place。　In　these　establishments；　and　to　all　appearance
  irretrievably　so；　because　both　are　now　committed　to　so　large　and
  exacting　a　volume　of　obligations　and　liabilities；　legal　and
  customary；　extraneous　and　alien　to　their　legitimate　interest；
  that　there　is　no　longer　a　reasonable　chance　of　their　coming　to
  anything　of　serious　import　in　the　way　of　the　higher　learning；
  even；　conceivably；　under　the　most　enlightened　management　in　the
  calculable　future。　In　their　bootless　chase　after　a　blameless
  publicity；　both　have　sunk　their　endowment　in　conspicuous　real
  estate；　vocational；　technical　and　accessory　schools；　and　the　like
  academic　side…issues；　to　such　an　extent　as　to　leave　them　without
  means　to　pursue　their　legitimate　end　in　any　adequate　manner；　even
  if　they　should　harbour　an　effectual　inclination　to　pursue
  it。（13*）
  These　remarks　on　the　typical　traits　of　the　academic　executive
  have　unavoidably　taken　the　colour　of　personalities。　That　such　is
  the　case　should　by　no　means　be　taken　as　intentionally　reflecting
  anything　like　dispraise　on　those　persons　who　have　this
  （unavoidable）　work　of　stultification　in　hand。　Rather；　it　is
  dispassionately　to　be　gathered　from　the　run　of　the　facts　as　set
  out　above　that　those　persons　on　whom　these　exigencies　impinge
  will；　by　force　of　habituation；　necessarily　come　to　take　the　bent
  which　these　current　conditions　enforce；　and　without　which　this
  work　could　not　well　be　done；　all　on　the　supposition　　and　it　is
  by　no　means　an　extravagant　assumption　　that　these　persons　so
  exposed　to　these　agencies　of　spiritual　disintegration　are　by
  native　gift　endowed　with　the　commonplace　traits　of　human　nature；
  no　more　and　no　less。　It　is　the　duties　of　the　office；　not　a　run　of
  infirmities　peculiar　to　the　incumbents　of　office；　that　make　the
  outcome。　Very　much　like　that　of　the　medicine…man；　the　office　is
  one　which　will　not　abide　a　tolerant　and　ingenuous　incumbent。（14*）
  V
  In　all　the　above　argument　and　exposition；　touching　the
  executive　office　and　its　administrative　duties；　the　point　of　the
  discussion　is；　of　course；　not　the　personal　characteristics　of　the
  typical　executive；　nor　even　the　spiritual　fortunes　of　the　persons
  exposed　to　the　wear　and　tear　of　executive　office；　although　these
  matters　might　well　engage　the　attention　of　any　one　given　to
  moralizing。　The　point　is；　of　course；　that　precarious　situation　in
  which　the　university；　considered　as　a　corporation　of　the　higher
  learning；　is　placed　under　these　current　conditions；　and　the
  manner　in　which　these　current　conditions　give　rise　to　this
  situation。　Seen　from　the　point　of　view　of　the　higher　learning；
  and　disregarding　considerations　extraneous　to　that　interest；　it
  is　evident　that　this　run　of　events；　and　the　conditions　which
  determine　them；　are　wholly　untoward；　not　to　say　disastrous。
  Now；　this　inquiry　is　nowise　concerned　to　reform；　deflect　or
  remedy　this　current　drift　of　things　academic　away　from　the
  ancient　holding　ground　of　the　higher　learning；　partly　because
  such　an　enterprise　in　reform　and　rehabilitation　lies　beyond　its
  competence；　and　partly；　again；　because　in　all　this　current　move
  to　displace　the　higher　learning　there　may　conceivably　be　other
  ends　involved；　which　may　be　worth　while　in　some　other　bearing
  that　is　alien　to　the　higher　learning　but　of　graver　consequence
  for　the　fortunes　of　the　race；　　urgent　needs　which　can　only　be
  served　by　so　diverting　effort　and　attention　from　this　pursuit。
  Yet；　partly　out　of　a　reasonable　deference　to　the　current
  prejudice　that　any　mere　negative　criticism　and　citation　of
  grievances　is　nothing　better　than　an　unworthy　experiment　in
  irritation；　and　more　particularly　as　a　means　to　a　more　adequate
  appreciation　of　the　rigorous　difficulties　inherent　in　this
  current　state　and　drift　of　things；　it　may　not　be　out　of　place　to
  offer　some　c