with　a　penchant　for　popular　notability。　and　the　qualifications
  necessary　to　be　put　in　evidence　by　aspirants　for　executive　office
  are　such　as　will　convince　such　a　board　of　their　serviceability。
  Among　the　indispensable　general　qualifications；　therefore；　will
  be　a　〃businesslike〃　facility　in　the　management　of　affairs；　an
  engaging　address　and　fluent　command　of　language　before　a　popular
  audience；　and　what　is　called　〃optimism；〃　　a　serene　and　voluble
  loyalty　to　the　current　conventionalities　and　a　conspicuously
  profound　conviction　that　all　things　are　working　out　for　good；
  except　for　such　untoward　details　as　do　not　visibly　conduce　to　the
  vested　advantage　of　the　well…to…do　businessmen　under　the
  established　law　and　order。　To　secure　an　appointment　to　executive
  office　it　is　not　only　necessary　to　be　possessed　of　these
  qualifications；　and　contrive　to　put　them　in　evidence；　the
  aspirant　must　ordinarily　also；　to　use　a　colloquialism；　be　willing
  and　able　to　〃work　his　passage〃　by　adroit　negotiation　and　detail
  engagements　on　points　of　policy；　appointments　and　administration。
  The　greater　proportion　of　such　aspirants　for　executive　office
  work　their　apprenticeship　and　manage　their　campaign　of
  office…seeking　while　engaged　in　some　university　employment。　To
  this　end　the　most　likely　line　of　university　employment　is　such　as
  will　comprise　a　large　share　of　administrative　duties；　as；　e。g。；
  the　deanships　that　are　latterly　receiving　much　attention　in　this
  behalf；　while　of　the　work　of　instruction　the　preference　should　be
  given　to　such　undergraduate　class…work　as　will　bring　the　aspirant
  in　wide　contact　with　the　less　scholarly　element　of　the　student
  body；　and　with　those　〃student　activities〃　that　come　favourably
  under　public　observation；　and　more　particularly　should　one　go　in
  for　the　quasi…scholarly　pursuits　of　〃university　extension〃；　which
  will　bring　the　candidate　into　favourable　notice　among　the
  quasi…literate　leisure　class；　at　the　same　time　this　employment
  conduces　greatly　to　assurance　and　a　flow　of　popular　speech。
  It　is　by　no　means　here　intended　to　convey　the　assumption　that
  appointments　to　executive　office　are　currently　made　exclusively
  from　among　aspiring　candidates　answering　the　description　outlined
  above；　or　that　the　administrative　deanships　that　currently　abound
  in　the　universities　are　uniformly　looked　on　by　their　incumbents
  as　in　some　sort　a　hopeful　novitiate　to　the　presidential　dignity。
  The　exceptions　under　both　of　these　general　propositions　would　be
  too　numerous　to　be　set　aside　as　negligible；　although　scarcely
  numerous　enough　or　consequential　enough　entirely　to　vitiate　these
  propositions　as　a　competent　formulation　of　the　typical　line　of
  approach　to　the　coveted　office。　The　larger　and　more　substantial
  exception　would；　of　course；　be　taken　to　the　generalization　as
  touching　the　use　of　the　deanships　in　preparation　for　the
  presidency。
  The　course　of　training　and　publicity　afforded　by　the
  deanships　and　extension　lectures　appears　to　be　the　most
  promising；　although　it　is　not　the　only　line　of　approach。　So；
  e。g。；　as　has　been　remarked　in　an　earlier　passage；　the　exigencies
  of　academic　administration　will　ordinarily　lead　to　the　formation
  of　an　unofficially　organized　corps　of　counsellors　and　agents　or
  lieutenants；　who　serve　as　aids　to　the　executive　head。　While　these
  aids；　factors；　and　gentlemen…in…waiting　are　vested　with　no
  official　status　proclaiming　their　relation　to　the　executive
  office　or　their　share　in　its　administration；　it　goes　without
  saying　that　their　vicarious　discretion　and　their　special
  prerogatives　of　access　and　advisement　with　the　executive　head　do
  not　commonly　remain　hidden　from　their　colleagues　on　the　academic
  staff；　or　from　interested　persons　outside　the　university
  corporation；　nor；　indeed；　does　it　appear　that　they　commonly
  desire　to　remain　unknown。
  In　the　same　connection；　as　has　also　been　remarked　above；　and
  as　is　sufficiently　notorious；　among　the　large　and　imperative
  duties　of　executive　office　is　public　discourse。　This　is　required；
  both　as　a　measure　of　publicity　at　large　and　as　a　means　of
  divulging　the　ostensible　aims；　advantages　and　peculiar　merits　of
  the　given　university　and　its　chief。　The　volume　of　such　public
  discourse；　as　well　as　the　incident　attendance　at　many　public　and
  ceremonial　functions；　is　very　considerable；　so　much　so　that　in
  the　case　of　any　university　of　reasonable　size　and　spirit　the
  traffic　in　these　premises　is　likely　to　exceed　the　powers　of　any
  one　man；　even　where；　as　is　not　infrequently　the　case；　the
  〃executive〃　head　is　presently　led　to　make　this　business　of
  stately　parade　and　promulgation　his　chief　employment。　In　effect；
  much　of　this　traffic　will　necessarily　be　delegated　to　such
  representatives　of　the　chief　as　may　be　trusted　duly　to　observe
  its　spirit　and　intention；　and　the　indicated　bearers　of　these
  vicarious　dignities　and　responsibilities　will　necessarily　be　the
  personal　aids　and　counsellors　of　the　chief；　which　throws　them；
  again；　into　public　notice　in　a　most　propitious　fashion。
  So　also；　by　force　of　the　same　exigencies　of　parade　and
  discourse；　the　chief　executive　is　frequently　called　away　from
  home　on　a　more　or　less　extended　itinerary；　and　the　burden　of
  dignity　attached　to　the　thief　office　is　such　as　to　require　that
  its　ostensible　duties　be　delegated　to　some　competent　lieutenant
  during　these　extensive　absences　of　the　chief；　and　here；　again；
  this　temporary　discretion　and　dignity　will　most　wisely　and
  fittingly　be　delegated　to　some　member　of　the　corps　of　personal
  aids　who　stands　in　peculiarly　close　relations　of　sympathy　and
  usefulness　to　the　chief。　It　has　happened　more　than　once　that　such
  an　habitual　〃acting　head〃　has　come　in　for　the　succession　to　the
  executive　office。
  It　comes；　therefore；　to　something　like　a　general　rule；　that
  the　discipline　which　makes　the　typical　captain　of　erudition；　as
  he　is　seen　in　the　administration　of　executive　office；　will　have
  set　in　before　his　induction　into　office；　not　infrequently　at　an
  appreciable　interval　before　that　event；　and　involving　a
  consequent；　more　or　less　protracted；　term　of　novitiate；　probation
  and　preliminary　seasoning；　and　the　aspirants　so　subjected　to　this
  discipline　of　initiation　are　at　the　same　time　picked　men；　drawn
  into　the　running　chiefly　by　force　of　a　facile　conformity　and　a
  self…selective　predisposition　for　this　official　dignity。
  The　resulting　captain　of　erudition　then　falls　under　a　certain
  exacting　discipline　exercised　by　the　situation　in　which　the
  exigencies　of　office　place　him。　These　exigencies　are　of　divers
  origin；　and　are　systematically　at　variance　among　themselves。　So
  that　the　dominant　note　of　his　official　life　necessarily　becomes
  that　of　ambiguity。　By　tradition；　　indeed；　by　that　tradition　to
  which　the　presidential　office　owes　its　existence；　and　except　by
  force　of　which　there　would　apparently　be　no　call　to　institute
  SuCh　an　office　at　all；　　by　tradition　the　president　of　the
  university　is　the　senior　member　of　the　faculty；　its　confidential
  spokesman　in　official　and　corporate　concerns；　and　the　〃moderator〃
  of　its　town　meeting　like　deliberative　assemblies。　As　chairman　of
  its　meetings　he　is；　by　tradition；　presumed　to　exercise　no
  peculiar　control；　beyond　such　guidance　as　the　superior　experience
  of　the　senior　member　may　be　presumed　to　afford　his　colleagues。　As
  spokesman　for　the　faculty　he　is；　by　tradition；　presumed　to　be　a
  scholar　of　such　erudition；　breadth　and　maturity　as　may　fairly
  command　something　of　filial　respect　and　affection　from　his
  associates　in　the　corporation　of　learning；　and　it　is　by　virtue　of
  these　qualities　of　scholarly　wisdom；　which　give　him　his　place　as
  senior　member　of　a　corporation　of　scholars；　that　he　is；　by
  tradition；　competent　to　serve　as　their　spokesman　and　to　occupy
  the　chair　in　their　deliberative　assembly。
  Such　is　the　tradition　of　the　American　College　President；
  and；　in　so　far；　of　the　university　president；　　as　it　comes　down
  from　that　earlier　phase　of　academic　history　from　which　the　office
  derives　its　ostensible　character；　and　to　which　it　owes　its　hold
  on　life　under　the　circumstances　of　the　later　growth　of　the
  schools。　And　it　will　be　noted　that　this　office　is　distinctly
  American；　it　has　no　counterpart　elsewhere；　and　there　appears　to
  be　no　felt　need　of　such　an　office　in　other　countries；　where　no
  similar　tradition　of　a　college　president　has　created　a
  presumptive　need　of　a　similar　official　in　the　universities；