centralized　control　exercised　through　a　system　of　accountancy　in
  the　modern　large　business　concerns。　The　larger　American　schools
  are　primarily　undergraduate　establishments；　　with　negligible
  exceptions；　and　under　these　current　American　conditions；　of
  excessive　numbers；　such　a　centralized　and　bureaucratic
  administration　appears　to　be　indispensable　for　the　adequate
  control　of　immature　and　reluctant　students；　at　the　same　time；
  such　an　organization　conduces　to　an　excessive　size。　The　immediate
  and　visible　effect　of　such　a　large　and　centralized　administrative
  machinery　is；　on　the　whole；　detrimental　to　scholarship；　even　in
  the　undergraduate　work；　though　it　need　not　be　so　in　all　respects
  and　unequivocally；　so　far　as　regards　that　routine　training　that
  is　embodied　in　the　undergraduate　curriculum。　But　it　is　at　least　a
  necessary　evil　in　any　school　that　is　of　so　considerable　a　size　as
  to　preclude　substantially　all　close　or　cordial　personal　relations
  between　the　teachers　and　each　of　these　immature　pupils　under
  their　charge；　as；　again；　is　commonly　the　case　with　these　American
  undergraduate　establishments。　Such　a　system　of　authoritative
  control；　standardization；　gradation；　accountancy；　classification；
  credits　and　penalties；　will　necessarily　be　drawn　on　stricter
  lines　the　more　the　school　takes　on　the　character　of　a　house　of
  correction　or　a　penal　settlement；　in　which　the　irresponsible
  inmates　are　to　be　held　to　a　round　of　distasteful　tasks　and
  restrained　from　（conventionally）　excessive　irregularities　of
  conduct。　At　the　same　time　this　recourse　to　such　coercive　control
  and　standardization　of　tasks　has　unavoidably　given　the　schools
  something　of　the　character　of　a　penal　settlement。
  As　intimated　above；　the　ideal　of　efficiency　by　force　of　which
  a　large…scale　centralized　organization　commends　itself　in　these
  premises　is　that　pattern　of　shrewd　management　whereby　a　large
  business　concern　makes　money。　The　underlying　business…like
  presumption　accordingly　appears　to　be　that　learning　is　a
  merchantable　commodity；　to　be　Produced　on　a　piece…rate　plan；
  rated；　bought　and　sold　by　standard　units；　measured；　counted　and
  reduced　to　staple　equivalence　by　impersonal；　mechanical　tests。　In
  all　its　bearings　the　work　is　hereby　reduced　to　a　mechanistic；
  statistical　consistency；　with　numerical　standards　and　units；
  which　conduces　to　perfunctory　and　mediocre　wOrk　throughout；　and
  acts　to　deter　both　students　and　teachers　from　a　free　pursuit　of
  knowledge；　as　contrasted　with　the　pursuit　of　academic　credits。　So
  far　as　this　mechanistic　system　goes　freely　into　effect　it　leads
  to　a　substitution　of　salesmanlike　proficiency　　a　balancing　of
  bargains　in　staple　credits　　in　the　place　of　scientific　capacity
  and　addiction　to　study。
  The　salesmanlike　abilities　and　the　men　of　affairs　that　so　are
  drawn　into　the　academic　personnel　are；　presumably；　somewhat　under
  grade　in　their　kind；　since　the　pecuniary　inducement　offered　by
  the　schools　is　rather　low　as　compared　with　the　remuneration　for
  office　work　of　a　similar　character　in　the　common　run　of　business
  occupations；　and　since　businesslike　employees　of　this　kind　may
  fairly　be　presumed　to　go　unreservedly　to　the　highest　bidder。　Yet
  these　more　unscholarly　members　of　the　staff　will　necessarily　be
  assigned　the　more　responsible　and　discretionary　positions　in　the
  academic　organization；　since　under　such　a　scheme　of
  standardization；　accountancy　and　control；　the　school　becomes
  primarily　a　bureaucratic　organization；　and　the　first　and
  unremitting　duties　of　the　staff　are　those　of　official　management
  and　accountancy。　The　further　qualifications　requisite　in　the
  members　of　the　academic　staff　will　be　such　as　make　for
  vendibility；　　volubility；　tactful　effrontery；　conspicuous
  conformity　to　the　popular　taste　in　all　matters　of　opinion；　usage
  and　conventions。
  The　need　of　such　a　businesslike　organization　asserts　itself
  in　somewhat　the　same　degree　in　which　the　academic　policy　is
  guided　by　considerations　of　magnitude　and　statistical　renown；　and
  this　in　turn　is　somewhat　closely　correlated　with　the　extent　of
  discretionary　power　exercised　by　the　captain　of　erudition　placed
  in　control。　At　the　same　time；　by　provocation　of　the　facilities
  which　it　offers　for　making　an　impressive　demonstration；　such
  bureaucratic　organization　will　lead　the　university　management　to
  bend　its　energies　with　somewhat　more　singleness　to　the　parade　of
  magnitude　and　statistical　gains。　It　also；　and　in　the　same
  connection；　provokes　to　a　persistent　and　detailed　surveillance
  and　direction　of　the　work　and　manner　of　life　of　the　academic
  staff；　and　so　it　acts　to　shut　off　initiative　of　any　kind　in　the
  work　done。（1*）
  Intimately　bound　up　with　this　bureaucratic　officialism　and
  accountancy；　and　working　consistently　to　a　similar　outcome；　is
  the　predilection　for　〃practical　efficiency〃　that　is　to　say；　for
  pecuniary　success　　prevalent　in　the　American　community。（2*）
  This　predilection　is　a　matter　of　settled　habit；　due；　no　doubt；　to
  the　fact　that　preoccupation　with　business　interests　characterizes
  this　community　in　an　exceptional　degree；　and　that　pecuniary
  habits　of　thought　consequently　rule　popular　thinking　in　a
  peculiarly　uncritical　and　prescriptive　fashion。　This　pecuniary
  animus　falls　in　with　and　reinforces　the　movement　for　academic
  accountancy；　and　combines　with　it　to　further　a　so…called
  〃practical〃　bias　in　all　the　work　of　the　schools。
  It　appears；　then；　that　the　intrusion　of　business　principles
  in　the　universities　goes　to　weaken　and　retard　the　pursuit　of
  learning；　and　therefore　to　defeat　the　ends　for　which　a　university
  is　maintained。　This　result　follows；　primarily；　from　the
  substitution　of　impersonal；　mechanical　relations；　standards　and
  tests；　in　the　place　of　personal　conference；　guidance　and
  association　between　teachers　and　students；　as　also　from　the
  imposition　of　a　mechanically　standardized　routine　upon　the
  members　of　the　staff；　whereby　any　disinterested　preoccupation
  with　scholarly　or　scientific　inquiry　is　thrown　into　the
  background　and　falls　into　abeyance。　Few　if　any　who　are　competent
  to　speak　in　these　premises　will　question　that　such　has　been　the
  outcome。　To　offset　against　this　work　of　mutilation　and
  retardation　there　are　certain　gains　in　expedition；　and　in　the
  volume　of　traffic　that　can　be　carried　by　any　given　equipment　and
  corps　of　employees。　Particularly　will　there　be　a　gain　in　the
  statistical　showing；　both　as　regards　the　volume　of　instruction
  offered；　and　probably　also　as　regards　the　enrolment；　since
  accountancy　creates　statistics　and　its　absence　does　not。
  Such　increased　enrolment　as　may　be　due　to　businesslike
  management　and　methods　is　an　increase　of　undergraduate　enrolment。
  The　net　effect　as　regards　the　graduate　enrolment　　apart　from
  any　vocational　instruction　that　may　euphemistically　be　scheduled
  as　〃graduate〃　　is　in　all　probability　rather　a　decrease　than　an
  increase。　Through　indoctrination　with　utilitarian　（pecuniary）
  ideals　of　earning　and　spending；　as　well　as　by　engendering
  spendthrift　and　sportsmanlike　habits；　such　a　businesslike
  management　diverts　the　undergraduate　students　from　going　in　for
  the　disinterested　pursuit　of　knowledge；　and　so　from　entering　on
  what　is　properly　university　work；　as　witness　the　relatively
  slight　proportion　of　graduate　students　outside　of　the
  professional　schools　　who　come　up　from　the　excessively　large
  undergraduate　departments　of　the　more　expansive　universities；　as
  contrasted　with　the　number　of　those　who　come　into　university　work
  from　the　smaller　and　less　businesslike　colleges。
  The　ulterior　consequences　that　follow　from　such　businesslike
  standardization　and　bureaucratic　efficiency　are　evident　in　the
  current　state　of　the　public　schools；　especially　as　seen　in　the
  larger　towns；　where　the　principles　of　business　management　have
  had　time　and　scope　to　work　out　in　a　fair　degree　of　consistency。
  The　resulting　abomination　of　desolation　is　sufficiently
  notorious。　And　there　appears　to　be　no　reason　why　a　similarly
  stale　routine　of　futility　should　not　overtake　the　universities；
  and　give　similarly　foolish　results；　as　fast　as　the　system　of
  standardization；　accountancy　and　piece…work　goes　consistently
  into　effect；　　except　only　for　the　continued　enforced　employment
  of　a　modicum　of　impracticable　scholars　and　scientists　on　the
  academic　staff；　whose　unbusinesslike　scholarly　proclivities　and
  inability　to　keep　the　miner's…inch　of　scholastic　credit　always