第 50 节
作者:青涩春天      更新:2021-02-27 02:38      字数:9322
  does by no means stand alone; and its perfections should not be
  counted against it。
  8。 This characterization applies without abatement to the schools
  of commerce as commonly designed at their foundation and set
  forth in their public announcements; and to their work in so far
  as they live up to their professions。 At the same time it is to
  be noted that few of these schools successfully keep their work
  clear of all entanglement with theoretical discussions that have
  only a scientific bearing。 And it is also quite feasible to
  organize a 〃school of commerce〃 on lines of scientific inquiry
  with the avowed purpose of dealing with business enterprise in
  its various ramifications as subject matter of theoretical
  investigation; but such is not the avowed aim of the established
  schools of this class; and such is not the actual character of
  the work carried on in these schools; except by inadvertence。
  9。 It is doubtless within the mark to say that the training given
  by the American schools of commerce is detrimental to the
  community's material interests。 In America; even in a more
  pronounced degree than elsewhere; business management centres on
  financiering and salesmanship; and American commercial schools;
  even in a more pronounced degree than those of other countries;
  centre their attention on proficiency in these matters; because
  these are the matters which the common sense of the American
  business community knows how to value; and on which it insists as
  indispensable qualifications in its young men。 The besetting
  infirmity of the American business community; as witness the many
  and circumstantial disclosures of the 〃efficiency engineers;〃 and
  of others who have had occasion to speak of the matter; is a
  notable indifference to the economical and mechanically efficient
  use; exploitation and conservation of equipment and resources;
  coupled with an equally notable want of insight into the
  technological needs and possibilities of the industries which
  they control。 The typical American businessman watches the
  industrial process from ambush; with a view to the seizure of any
  item of value that may be left at loose ends。 Business strategy
  is a strategy of 〃watchful waiting;〃 at the centre of a web; very
  alert and adroit; but remarkably incompetent in the way of
  anything that can properly be called 〃industrial enterprise。〃
  The concatenation of circumstances that has brought American
  business enterprise to this inglorious posture; and has virtually
  engrossed the direction of business affairs in the hands of men
  endowed with the spiritual and intellectual traits suitable to
  such prehensile enterprise; can not be gone into here。 The fact;
  however; is patent。 It should suffice to call to mind the large
  fact; as notorious as it is discreditable; that the American
  business community has; with unexampled freedom; had at its
  disposal the largest and best body of resources that has yet
  become available to modern industry; in men; materials and
  geographical situation; and that with these means they have
  achieved something doubtfully second…rate; as compared with the
  industrial achievements of other countries less fortunately
  placed in all material respects。
  What the schools of commerce now offer is further
  specialization along the same line of proficiency; to give
  increased facility in financiering and salesmanship。 This
  specialization on commerce is like other specialization in that
  it draws off attention and interest from other lines than those
  in which the specialization falls; thereby widening the
  candidate's field of ignorance while it intensifies his
  effectiveness within his specialty。 The effect; as touches the
  community's interest in the matter; should be an enhancement of
  the candidate's proficiency in all the futile ways and means of
  salesmanship and 〃conspiracy in restraint of trade。〃 together
  with a heightened incapacity and ignorance bearing on such work
  as is of material use。
  10。 Latterly; it appears; the training given by the athletic
  establishments attached to the universities is also coming to
  have a value as vocational training; in that the men so trained
  and vouched for by these establishments are finding lucrative
  employment as instructors; coaches; masseurs; etc。; engaged in
  similar athletic traffic in various schools; public or private。
  So also; and for the same reason; they are found eligible as
  〃muscular Christian〃 secretaries in charge of chapters of the
  Y。M。C。A。 and the like quasi…devout clubs and gilds。 Indeed in all
  but the name; the athletic establishments are taking on the
  character of 〃schools〃 or 〃divisions〃 included under the
  collective academic administration; very much after the fashion
  of a 〃School of Education〃 or a 〃School of Journalism〃; and they
  are in effect 〃graduating〃 students in Athletics; with due;
  though hitherto unofficial; certification of proficiency。 So
  also; latterly; one meets with proposals; made in good faith;
  among official academic men to allow due 〃academic credit〃 for
  training in athletics and let it count toward graduation。 By
  indirection and subreption; of course; much of the training given
  in athletics already does so count。
  CHAPTER VIII
  Summary and Trial Balance
  As in earlier passages; so here in speaking of profit and
  loss; the point of view taken is neither that of material
  advantage; whether of the individuals concerned or of the
  community at large; nor that of expediency for the common good in
  respect of prosperity or of morals; nor is the appraisal here
  ventured upon to be taken as an expression of praise or dispraise
  at large; touching this incursion of business principles into the
  affairs of learning。
  By and large; the intrusion of businesslike ideals; aims and
  methods into this field; with all the consequences that follow;
  may be commendable or the reverse。 All that is matter for
  attention and advisement at the hands of such as aim to alter;
  improve; amend or conserve the run of institutional phenomena
  that goes to make up the current situation。 The present inquiry
  bears on the higher learning as it comes into this current
  situation; and on the effect of this recourse to business
  principles upon the pursuit of learning。
  Not that this learning is therefore to be taken as
  necessarily of higher and more substantial value than that
  traffic in competitive gain and competitive spending upon which
  business principles converge; and in which they find their
  consummate expression;  even though it is broadly to be
  recognized and taken account of that such is the deliberate
  appraisal awarded by the common sense of civilized mankind。 The
  profit and loss here spoken for is not profit and loss; to
  mankind or to any given community; in respect of that inclusive
  complex of interests that makes up the balanced total of good and
  ill; it is profit and loss for the cause of learning; simply; and
  there is here no aspiration to pass on ulterior questions。 As
  required by the exigencies of such an argument; it is therefore
  assumed; pro forma; that profit and loss for the pursuit of
  learning is profit and loss without reservation; very much as a
  corporation accountant will audit income and outlay within the
  affairs of the corporation; whereas; qua accountant; he will
  perforce have nothing to say as to the ulterior expediency of the
  corporation and its affairs in any other bearing。
  I
  Business principles take effect in academic affairs most
  simply; obviously and avowably in the way of a businesslike
  administration of the scholastic routine; where they lead
  immediately to a bureaucratic organization and a system of
  scholastic accountancy。 In one form or another; some such
  administrative machinery is a necessity in any large school that
  is to be managed on a centralized plan; as the American schools
  commonly are; and as; more particularly; they aim to be。 This
  necessity is all the more urgent in a school that takes over the
  discipline of a large body of pupils that have not reached years
  of discretion; as is also commonly the case with those American
  schools that claim rank as universities; and the necessity is all
  the more evident to men whose ideal of efficiency is the
  centralized control exercised through a system of accountancy in
  th