a　personnel　composed　of　men　of　the　highest　business　talent　and
  attainments；　tempted　from　such　successful　business　traffic　by　the
  offer　of　salaries　comparable　with　those　paid　the　responsible
  officials　of　large　corporations　engaged　in　banking；　railroading；
  and　industrial　enterprises；　　and　they　must　also　be　fitted　out
  with　an　equipment　of　a　corresponding　magnitude　and　liberality。
  Apart　from　a　large　and　costly　material　equipment；　such　a
  college　would　also；　under　current　conditions；　have　to　be　provided
  with　a　virtually　unlimited　fund　for　travelling　expenses；　to　carry
  its　staff　and　its　students　to　the　several　typical　seats　and
  centres　of　business　traffic　and　maintain　them　there　for　that
  requisite　personal　contact　with　affairs　that　alone　can　contribute
  to　a　practical　comprehension　of　business　strategy。　In　short；　the
  schools　would　have　to　meet　those　requirements　of　training　and
  information　which　men　who　today　aim　to　prepare　themselves　for　the
  larger　business　will　commonly　spend　expensive　years　of
  apprenticeship　to　acquire。　It　is　eminently　true　in　business
  training；　very　much　as　it　is　in　military　strategy；　that　nothing
  will　take　the　place　of　first…hand　observation　and　personal
  contact　with　the　processes　and　procedure　involved；　and　such
  first…hand　contact　is　to　be　had　only　at　the　cost　of　a　more　or
  less　protracted　stay　where　the　various　lines　of　business　are
  carried　on。
  The　creation　and　maintenance　of　such　a　College　of　Commerce；
  on　such　a　scale　as　will　make　it　anything　more　than　a　dubious
  make…believe；　would　manifestly　appear　to　be　beyond　the　powers　of
  any　existing　university。　So　that　the　best　that　can　be　compassed
  in　this　way；　or　that　has　been　achieved；　by　the　means　at　the
  disposal　of　any　university　hitherto；　is　a　cross　between　a
  secondary　school　for　bank…clerks　and　travelling　salesmen　and　a
  subsidiary　department　of　economics。
  All　this　applies　with　gradually　lessened　force　to　the　other
  vocational　schools；　occupied　with　training　for　occupations　that
  are　of　more　substantial　use　to　the　community　and　less　widely　out
  of　touch　with　the　higher　learning。　In　the　light　of　their
  professions　on　the　one　side　and　the　degree　of　their　fulfilment　on
  the　other；　it　would　be　hazardous　to　guess　how　far　the　university
  directorate　in　any　given　case　is　animated　with　a　spontaneous　zeal
  for　the　furtherance　of　these　〃practical〃　aims　which　the
  universities　so　pursue；　and　how　far　on　the　other　hand　it　may　be　a
  matter　of　politic　management；　to　bring　content　to　those
  commercially…minded　laymen　whose　good…will　is　rated　as　a　valuable
  asset。　These　men　of　substance　have　a　high　appreciation　of
  business　efficiency　　a　species　of　self…respect；　and　therefore
  held　as　a　point　of　honour　　and　are　consequently　inclined　to
  rate　all　education　in　terms　of　earning…capacity。　Failure　to　meet
  the　presumed　wishes　of　the　businessmen　in　this　matter；　it　is
  apprehended；　would　mean　a　loss　of　support　in　endowment　and
  enrolment。　And　since　endowment　and　enrolment；　being　the　chief
  elements　of　visible　success；　are　the　two　main　ends　of　current
  academic　policy；　it　is　incumbent　on　the　directorate　to　shape
  their　policy　accordingly。
  So　the　academic　authorities　face　the　choice　between　scholarly
  efficiency　and　vocational　training；　and　hitherto　the　result　has
  been　equivocal。　The　directorate　should　presumably　be　in　a
  position　to　appreciate　the　drift　of　their　own　action；　in　so
  diverting　the　university's　work　to　ends　at　variance　with　its
  legitimate　purpose；　and　the　effect　of　such　a　policy　should
  presumably　be　repugnant　to　their　scholarly　tastes；　as　well　as　to
  their　sense　of　right　and　honest　living。　But　the　circumstances　of
  their　office　and　tenure　leave　them　somewhat　helpless；　for　all
  their　presumed　insight　and　their　aversion　to　this　malpractice；
  and　these　conditions　of　office　require　them；　as　it　is　commonly
  apprehended；　to　take　active　measures　for　the　defeat　of　learning；
  hitherto　with　an　equivocal　outcome。　The　schools　of　commerce；
  even　more　than　the　other　vocational　schools；　have　been　managed
  somewhat　parsimoniously；　and　the　effectual　results　have
  habitually　fallen　far　short　of　the　clever　promises　held　out　in
  the　prospectus。　The　professed　purpose　of　these　schools　is　the
  training　of　young　men　to　a　high　proficiency　in　the　larger　and
  more　responsible　affairs　of　business；　but　for　the　present　this
  purpose　must　apparently　remain　a　speculative；　and　very
  temperately　ingenuous；　aspiration；　rather　than　a　practicable
  working　programme。
  NOTES：
  1。　〃Our　professors　in　the　Harvard　of　the　'50s　were　a　set　of
  rather　eminent　scholars　and　highly　respectable　men。　They　attended
  to　their　studies　with　commendable　assiduity　and　drudged　along　in
  a　dreary；　humdrum　sort　of　way　in　a　stereotyped　method　of
  classroom　instruction。。。
  〃And　that　was　the　Harvard　system。　It　remains　in　essence　the
  system　still　　the　old；　outgrown；　pedagogic　relation　of　the
  large　class…recitation　room。　The　only　variation　has　been　through
  Eliot's　effort　to　replace　it　by　the　yet　more　pernicious　system　of
  premature　specialization。　This　is　a　confusion　of　the　college　and
  university　functions　and　constitutes　a　distinct　menace　to　all
  true　higher　education。　The　function　of　the　college　is　an
  all…around　development；　as　a　basis　for　university
  specializations。　Eliot　never　grasped　that　fundamental　fact；　and
  so　he　undertook　to　turn　Harvard　college　into　a　German　university
  specializing　the　student　at　18。　He　instituted　a　system　of
  one…sided　contact　in　place　of　a　system　based　on　no　contact　at
  all。　It　is　devoutly　to　be　hoped　that；　some　day；　a　glimmer　of　true
  light　will　effect　an　entrance　into　the　professional　educator's
  head。　It　certainly　hadn't　done　so　up　to　1906。〃…　Charles　Francis
  Adams；　An　Autobiography。
  2。　The　college　student's　interest　in　his　studies　has　shifted　from
  the　footing　of　an　avocation　to　that　of　a　vocation。
  3。　So；　e。g。；　in　the　later　eighties；　at　the　time　when　the
  confusion　of　sentiments　in　this　matter　of　electives　and　practical
  academic　instruction　was　reaching　its　height；　one　of　the　most
  largely　endowed　of　the　late…founded　universities　set　out　avowedly
  to　bend　its　forces　singly　to　such　instruction　as　would　make　for
  the　material　success　of　its　students；　and；　moreover；　to
  accomplish　this　end　by　an　untrammelled　system　of　electives；
  limited　only　by　the　general　qualification　that　all　instruction
  offered　was　to　be　of　this　pragmatic　character。　The　establishment
  in　question；　it　may　be　added；　has　in　the　course　of　years　run　a
  somewhat　inglorious　career；　regard　being　had　to　its　unexampled
  opportunities；　and　has　in　the　event　come　to　much　the　same　footing
  of　compromise　between　learning　and　vocational　training；　routine
  and　electives；　as　its　contemporaries　that　have　approached　their
  present　ambiguous　position　from　the　contrary　direction；　except
  that；　possibly；　scholarship　as　such　is　still　held　in　slightly
  lower　esteem　among　the　men　of　this　faculty　　selected　on　grounds
  of　their　practical　bias　　than　among　the　generality　of　academic
  men。
  4。　〃And　why　the　sea　is　boiling　hot；　And　whether　pigs　have　wings。〃
  5。　Cf。　Adam　Smith　on　the　〃idle　curiosity。〃　Moral　Sentiments；　1st
  ed。；　p。　351　　；　esp。　355。
  6。　So；　a　man　eminent　as　a　scholar　and　in　the　social　sciences　has
  said；　not　so　long　ago：　〃The　first　question　I　would　ask　is；　has
  not　this　learning　a　large　part　to　play　in　supplementing　those
  practical　powers；　instincts　and　sympathies　which　can　be　developed
  only　in　action；　only　through　experience？。。。　That　broader　training
  is　just　what　is　needed　by　the　higher　and　more　responsible　ranks
  of　business；　both　private　and　public。。。。　Success　in　large　trading
  has　always　needed　breadth　of　view。〃
  7。　Cf。；　e。g。；　Report　of　a　Conference　on　Commercial　Education　and
  Business　Progress；　In　connection　with　the　dedication　of　the
  Commerce　Building；　at　the　University　of　Illinois；　1913。　The
  somewhat　raucous　note　of　self…complacency　that　pervades　this
  characteristic　document　should　not　be　allowed　to　lessen　its　value
  as　evidence　of　the　spirit　for　which　it　speaks。　Indeed；　whatever
  it　may　show；　of　effrontery　and　disingenuousness；　is　rather　to　be
  taken　as　of　the　essence　of　the　case。　It　might　prove　difficult　to
  find　an　equally　unabashed　pronouncement　of　the　like　volume　and
  consistency　put　forth　under　the　like　academic　auspices；　but　it
  does　by　no　means　stand　alone；　and　its　perfections　should　not　be
  cou