stands　out　pre…eminent　among　these　various　training　schools　in
  two　respects：　（a）　While　the　great　proportion　of　training　for　the
  other　professions　draws　largely　on　the　results　of　modern　science
  for　ways　and　means；　and　therefore　includes　or　presumes　a　degree
  of　familiarity　with　the　work；　aims　and　methods　of　the　sciences；
  so　that　these　schools　have　so　much　of　a　bond　of　community　with
  the　higher　learning；　the　school　of　commerce　on　the　other　hand
  need　scarcely　take　cognizance　of　the　achievements　of　science；　nor
  need　it　presume　any　degree　of　acquaintance　on　the　part　of　its
  students　or　adepts　with　the　matter　or　logic　of　the　sciences；（8*）
  （b）　in　varying　degrees；　the　proficiency　given　by　training　in　the
  other　professional　schools；　and　required　for　the　efficient
  pursuit　of　the　other　professions；　may　be　serviceable　to　the
  community　at　large；　whereas　the　business　proficiency　inculcated
  by　the　schools　of　commerce　has　no　such　serviceability；　being
  directed　singly　to　a　facile　command　of　the　ways　and　means　of
  private　gain。（9*）　The　training　that　leads　up　to　the　several　other
  professions；　of　course；　varies　greatly　in　respect　of　its　draught
  on　scientific　information；　as　well　as　in　the　degree　of　its
  serviceability　to　the　community；　some　of　the　professions；　as；　e。
  g。；　Law；　approach　very　close　to　the　character　of　business
  training；　both　in　the　unscientific　and　unscholarly　nature　of　the
  required　training　and　in　their　uselessness　to　the　community；
  while　others；　as；　e。　g。；　Medicine　and　the　various　lines　of
  engineering；　differ　widely　from　commercial　training　in　both　of
  these　respects。　With　the　main　exception　of　Law　（and；　some　would
  add；　of　Divinity？）　the　professional　schools　train　men　for　work
  that　is　of　some　substantial　use　to　the　community　at　large。　This
  is　particularly　true　of　the　technological　schools。　But　while　the
  technological　schools　may　be　occupied　with　work　that　is　of
  substantial　use；　and　while　they　may　draw　more　or　less　extensively
  on　the　sciences　for　their　materials　and　even　for　their　methods；
  they　can　not；　for　all　that；　claim　standing　in　the　university　on
  the　ground　of　that　disinterested　intellectual　enterprise　which　is
  the　university's　peculiar　domain。
  The　professional　knowledge　and　skill　of　physicians；　surgeons；
  dentists；　pharmacists；　agriculturists；　engineers　of　all　kinds；
  perhaps　even　of　journalists；　is　of　some　use　to　the　community　at
  large；　at　the　same　time　that　it　may　be　profitable　to　the　bearers
  of　it。　The　community　has　a　substantial　interest　in　the　adequate
  training　of　these　men；　although　it　is　not　that　intellectual
  interest　that　attaches　to　science　and　scholarship。　But　such　is
  not　the　case　with　the　training　designed　to　give　proficiency　in
  business。　No　gain　comes　to　the　community　at　large　from　increasing
  the　business　proficiency　of　any　number　of　its　young　men。　There
  are　already　much　too　many　of　these　businessmen；　much　too　astute
  and　proficient　in　their　calling；　for　the　common　good。　A　higher
  average　business　efficiency　simply　raises　activity　and　avidity　in
  business　to　a　higher　average　pitch　of　skill　and　fervour；　with
  very　little　other　material　result　than　a　redistribution　of
  ownership；　since　business　is　occupied　with　the　competitive
  wealth；　not　with　its　production。　It　is　only　by　a　euphemistic
  metaphor　that　we　are　accustomed　to　speak　of　the　businessmen　as
  producers　of　goods。　Gains　due　to　such　efficiency　are　differential
  gains　only。　They　are　a　differential　as　against　other　businessmen
  on　the　one　hand；　and　as　against　the　rest　of　the　community　on　the
  other　hand。　The　work　of　the　College　of　Commerce；　accordingly；　is
  a　peculiarly　futile　line　of　endeavour　for　any　public　institution；
  in　that　it　serves　neither　the　intellectual　advancement　nor　the
  material　welfare　of　the　community。
  The　greater　the　number　and　the　higher　the　proficiency　of　the
  community's　businessmen；　other　things　equal；　the　worse　must　the
  rest　of　the　community　come　off　in　that　game　of　skilled　bargaining
  and　shrewd　management　by　which　the　businessmen　get　their　gains。
  Gratuitous　or　partly　gratuitous　training　for　business　will
  presumably　increase　the　number　of　highly　proficient　businessmen。
  As　the　old…fashioned　economists　would　express　it；　it　will
  increase　the　number　of　〃middlemen；〃　of　men　who　〃live　by　their
  wits。〃　At　the　same　time　it　should　presumably　increase　the　average
  efficiency　of　this　increased　number。　The　outcome　should　be　that
  the　resulting　body　of　businessmen　will　be　able；　between　them；　to
  secure　a　larger　proportion　of　the　aggregate　wealth　of　the
  community；　leaving　the　rest　of　the　community　poorer　by　that
  much；except　for　that　（extremely　doubtful）　amount　by　which　shrewd
  business　management　is　likely　to　increase　the　material
  wealth…producing　capacity　of　the　community。　Any　such　presumed
  increase　of　wealth…producing　capacity　is　an　incidental
  concomitant　of　business　traffic；　and　in　the　nature　of　the　case　it
  can　not　equal　the　aggregate　increased　gain　that　goes　to　the
  businessmen。　At　the　best　the　question　as　to　the　effect　which　such
  an　aggregate　increased　business　efficiency　will　have　on　the
  community's　material　welfare　is　a　question　of　how　large　the　net
  loss　will　be；　that　it　will　entail　a　net　loss　on　the　community　at
  large　is　in　fact　not　an　open　question。
  A　college　of　commerce　is　designed　to　serve　an　emulative
  purpose　only　　individual　gain　regardless　of；　or　at　the　cost　of；
  the　community　at　large　　and　it　is；　therefore；　peculiarly
  incompatible　with　the　collective　cultural　purpose　of　the
  university。　It　belongs　in　the　corporation　of　learning　no　more
  than　a　department　of　athletics。（10*）　Both　alike　give　training
  that　is　of　no　use　to　the　community；except；　perhaps；　as　a
  sentimental　excitement。　Neither　business　proficiency　nor
  proficiency　in　athletic　contests　need　be　decried；　of　course。　They
  have　their　value；　to　the　businessmen　and　to　the　athletes；
  respectively；　chiefly　as　a　means　of　livelihood　at　the　cost　of　the
  rest　of　the　community；　and　it　is　to　be　presumed　that　they　are
  worth　while　to　those　who　go　in　for　that　sort　of　thing。　Both　alike
  are　related　to　the　legitimate　ends　of　the　university　as　a　drain
  on　its　resources　and　an　impairment　of　its　scholarly　animus。　As
  related　to　the　ostensible　purposes　of　a　university；　therefore；
  the　support　and　conduct　of　such　schools　at　the　expense　of　the
  universities　is　to　be　construed　as　a　breach　of　trust。
  What　has　just　been　said　of　the　schools　of　commerce　is；　of
  course；　true　also　of　the　other　training　schools　comprised　in　this
  latterday　university　policy；　in　the　degree　in　which　these　others
  aim　at　the　like　emulative　and　unscholarly　results。　It　holds　true
  of　the　law　schools；　e。　g。；　typically　and　more　largely　than　of　the
  generality　of　professional　and　technical　schools。　Both　in　point
  of　the　purely　competitive　value　of　their　training　and　of　the
  unscientific　character　of　their　work；　the　law　schools　are　in　very
  much　the　same　case　as　the　schools　of　commerce；　and；　no　doubt；　the
  accepted　inclusion　of　law　schools　in　the　university　corporation
  has　made　the　intrusion　of　the　schools　of　commerce　much　easier
  than　it　otherwise　would　have　been。　The　law　school's　inclusion　in
  the　university　corporation　has　the　countenance　of　ancient
  tradition；　it　comes　down　as　an　authentic　usage　from　the　mediaeval
  era　of　European　education；　and　from　the　pre…history　of　the
  American　universities。　But　in　point　of　substantial　merit　the　law
  school　belongs　in　the　modern　university　no　more　than　a　school　of
  fencing　or　dancing。　This　is　particularly　true　of　the　American　law
  schools；　in　which　the　Austinian　conception　of　law　is　followed；
  and　it　is　more　particularly　true　the　more　consistently　the　〃case
  method〃　is　adhered　to。　These　schools　devote　themselves　with　great
  singleness　to　the　training　of　practitioners；　as　distinct　from
  jurists；　and　their　teachers　stand　in　a　relation　to　their　students
  analogous　to　that　in　which　the　〃coaches〃　stand　to　the　athletes。
  What　is　had　in　view　is　the　exigencies；　expedients　and　strategy　of
  successful　practice；　and　not　so　much　a　grasp　of　even　those
  quasi…scientific　articles　of　metaphysics　that　lie　at　the　root　of
  the　legal　system。　What　is　required　and　inculcated　in　the　way　of　a
  knowledge　of　these　elements　of　law　is　a　familiarity　with　their
  strategic　use。
  The　profession　of　the　Law　is；　of　course；　an　honourable
  profession；　and　it　is　doubtless　believed　by　its　apologists　to　be
  a　useful　profession；　on　the　whole；　but　a　body　of　lawyers　somewhat