use　of　learning；　is　canvassed　by　the　substantial　citizens　of　the
  present　day。　At　the　period　covered　by　that　chapter　in　ancient
  history；　a　child　was；　in　a　way；　an　article　of　equipment　for　the
  up…keep　of　the　family　and　its　prestige；　and　more　remotely　for　the
  support　of　the　sovereign　and　his　prestige。　So　that　a　male　child
  would　be　rated　as　indubitably　worth　while　if　he　gave　promise　of
  growing　into　a　robust　and　contentious　man。　If　the　infant　were　a
  girl；　or　if　he　gave　no　promise　of　becoming　an　effective　disturber
  of　the　peace；　the　use　or　expediency　of　rearing　the　child　would
  become　a　matter　for　deliberation；　and　not　infrequently　the
  finding　of　those　old…time　utilitarians　was　adverse；　and　the
  investment　was　cancelled。　The　habit　of　so　deliberating　on　the
  pragmatic　advisability　of　child…life　has　been　lost；　latterly；　or
  at　any　rate　such　of　the　latterday　utilitarians　as　may　still
  entertain　a　question　of　this　kind　in　any　concrete　case　are
  ashamed　to　have　it　spoken　of　nakedly。　Witness　the　lame　but
  irrepressible　sentimental　protest　against　the　Malthusian　doctrine
  of　population。
  It　is　true；　in　out…of…the…way　corners　and　on　the　lower　levels
  and　on　the　higher　levels　of　imperial　politics　where　men　have
  not　learned　to　shrink　from　shameful　devices；　the　question　of
  children　and　of　the　birth…rate　is　still　sometimes　debated　as　a
  question　of　the　presumptive　use　of　offspring　for　some　ulterior
  end。　And　there　may　still　be　found　those　who　are　touched　by　the
  reflection　that　a　child　born　may　become　a　valuable　asset　as　a
  support　for　the　parents'　old　age。　Such　a　pecuniary　rating　of　the
  parental　relation；　which　values　children　as　a　speculative　means
  of　gain；　may　still　be　met　with。　But　wherever　modern　civilization
  has　made　its　way　at　all　effectually；　such　a　provident　rating　of
  offspring　is　not　met　with　in　good　company。　Latterday　common　sense
  does　not　countenance　it。
  Not　that　a　question　of　expediency　is　no　longer　entertained；
  touching　this　matter　of　children；　but　it　is　no　longer　the
  patriarchal…barbarian　question　as　to　eventual　gains　that　may　be
  expected　to　accrue　to　the　parent　or　the　family。　Except　in　the
  view　of　those　statesmen　of　the　barbarian　line　who　see　the　matter
  of　birth…rate　from　the　higher　ground　of　dynastic　politics；　a
  child　born　is　not　rated　as　a　means；　but　as　an　end。　At　least
  conventionally；　it　is　no　longer　a　question　of　pecuniary　gain　for
  the　parent　but　of　expediency　for　the　child。　No　mother　asks
  herself　if　her　child　will　pay。
  Civilized　men　shrink　from　anything　like　rating　children　as　a
  contrivance　for　use　in　the　〃round…about　process　of　the　production
  of　goods。〃　And　in　much　the　same　spirit；　and　in　the　last　analysis
  on　much　the　same　grounds；　although　in　a　less　secure　and　more
  loosely　speculative　fashion；　men　also　look　to　the　higher　learning
  as　the　ripe　fulfilment　of　material　competency；　rather　than　as　a
  means　to　material　success。　In　their　thoughtful　intervals；　the
  most　businesslike　pragmatists　will　avow　such　an　ideal。　But　in
  workday　detail；　when　the　question　turns　concretely　on　the
  advisability　of　the　higher　education；　the　workday　habit　of
  pecuniary　traffic　asserts　itself；　and　the　matter　is　then　likely
  to　be　argued　in　pecuniary　terms。　The　barbarian　animus；　habitual
  to　the　quest　of　gain；　reverts；　and　the　deliberation　turns　on　the
  gainfulness　of　this　education；　which　has　in　all　sobriety　been
  acknowledged　the　due　end　of　culture　and　endeavour。　So　that；　in
  working　out　the　details；　this　end　of　living　is　made　a　means；　and
  the　means　is　made　an　end。
  No　doubt；　what　chiefly　urges　men　to　the　pursuit　of　knowledge
  is　their　native　bent　of　curiosity；　　an　impulsive　proclivity　to
  master　the　logic　of　facts；　just　as　the　chief　incentive　to　the
  achievement　of　children　has；　no　doubt；　always　been　the　parental
  bent。　But　very　much　as　the　boorish　element　in　the　present　and
  recent　generations　will　let　the　pecuniary　use　of　children　come　in
  as　a　large　subsidiary　ground　of　decision；　and　as　they　have　even
  avowed　this　to　be　their　chief　concern　in　the　matter；　so；　in　a
  like　spirit；　men　trained　to　the　business　system　of　competitive
  gain　and　competitive　spending　will　not　be　content　to　find　that
  they　can　afford　the　quest　of　that　knowledge　which　their　human
  propensity　incites　them　to　cultivate；　but　they　must　back　this
  propensity　with　a　shamefaced　apology　for　education　on　the　plea　of
  its　gainfulness。
  What　is　here　said　of　the　businesslike　spirit　of　the　latterday
  〃educators〃　is　not　to　be　taken　as　reflecting　disparagingly　on
  them　or　their　endeavours。　They　respond　to　the　call　of　the　times
  as　best　they　can。　That　they　do　so；　and　that　the　call　of　the　times
  is　of　this　character；　is　a　fact　of　the　current　drift　of　things；
  which　one　may　commend　or　deprecate　according　as　one　has　the
  fortune　to　fall　in　with　one　or　the　other　side　of　the　case；　that
  is　to　say　according　to　one's　habitual　bent；　but　in　any　event　it
  is　to　be　taken　as　a　fact　of　the　latterday　situation；　and　a　factor
  of　some　force　and　permanence　in　the　drift　of　things　academic；　for
  the　present　and　the　calculable　future。　It　means　a　more　or　less
  effectual　further　diversion　of　interest　and　support　from　science
  and　scholarship　to　the　competitive　acquisition　of　wealth；　and
  therefore　also　to　its　competitive　consumption。　Through　such　a
  diversion　of　energy　and　attention　in　the　schools；　the　pecuniary
  animus　at　large；　and　pecuniary　standards　of　worth　and　value；
  stand　to　gain；　more　or　less；　at　the　cost　of　those　other　virtues
  that　are；　by　the　accepted　tradition　of　modern　Christendom；　held
  to　be　of　graver　and　more　enduring　import。　It　means　an　endeavour
  to　substitute　the　pursuit　of　gain　and　expenditure　in　place　of　the
  pursuit　of　knowledge；　as　the　focus　of　interest　and　the　objective
  end　in　the　modern　intellectual　life。
  This　incursion　of　pecuniary　ideals　in　academic　policy　is　seen
  at　its　broadest　and　baldest　in　the　Schools　of　Commerce；
  〃Commerce　and　Politics；〃　〃Business　Training；〃　〃Commerce　and
  Administration；〃　〃Commerce　and　Finance；〃　or　whatever　may　be　the
  phrase　selected　to　designate　the　supersession　of　learning　by
  worldly　wisdom。　Facility　in　competitive　business　is　to　take　the
  place　of　scholarship；　as　the　goal　of　university　training；
  because；　it　is　alleged；　the　former　is　the　more　useful。　The　ruling
  interest　of　Christendom；　in　this　view；　is　pecuniary　gain。　And
  training　for　commercial　management　stands　to　this　ruling　interest
  of　the　modern　community　in　a　relation　analogous　to　that　in　which
  theology　and　homiletics　stood　to　the　ruling　interest　in　those
  earlier　times　when　the　salvation　of　men's　souls　was　the　prime
  object　of　solicitude。　Such　a　seminary　of　business　has　something
  of　a　sacerdotal　dignity。　It　is　the　appointed　keeper　of　the　higher
  business　animus。（7*）
  Such　a　school；　with　its　corps　of　instructors　and　its
  equipment；　stands　in　the　university　on　a　tenure　similar　to　that
  of　the　divinity　school。　Both　schools　are　equally　extraneous　to
  that　〃intellectual　enterprise〃　in　behalf　of　which；　ostensibly；
  the　university　is　maintained。　But　while　the　divinity　school
  belongs　to　the　old　order　and　is　losing　its　preferential　hold　on
  the　corporation　of　learning；　the　school　of　commerce　belongs　to
  the　new　order　and　is　gaining　ground。　The　primacy　among　pragmatic
  interests　has　passed　from　religion　to　business；　and　the　school　of
  commerce　is　the　exponent　and　expositor　of　this　primacy。　It　is　the
  perfect　flower　of　the　secularization　of　the　universities。　And　as
  has　already　been　remarked　above；　there　is　also　a　wide…sweeping
  movement　afoot　to　bend　the　ordinary　curriculum　of　the　higher
  schools　to　the　service　of　this　cult　of　business　principles；　and
  so　to　make　the　ordinary　instruction　converge　to　the　advancement
  of　business　enterprise；　very　much　as　it　was　once　dutifully
  arranged　that　the　higher　instruction　should　be　subservient　to
  religious　teaching　and　consonant　with　the　demands　of　devout
  observances　and　creeds。
  It　is　not　that　the　College　of　Commerce　stands　alone　as　the
  exponent　of　worldly　wisdom　in　the　modern　universities；　nor　is　its
  position　in　this　respect　singular；　except　in　the　degree　of　its
  remoteness　from　all　properly　academic　interests。　Other　training
  schools；　as　in　engineering　and　in　the　other　professions；　belong
  under　the　same　general　category　of　practical　aims；　as　contrasted
  with　the　aims　of　the　higher　learning。　But　the　College　of　Commerce
  stands　out　pre…eminent　among　these　various　training　schools　in
  tw