creed。　One　who　purports　to　be　a　scientist　in　this　field　can　gain
  popular　approval　of　his　scientific　capacity；　particularly　the
  businessmen's　approval；　only　by　accepting　and　confirming　current
  convictions　regarding　those　elements　of　the　accepted　scheme　of
  life　with　which　his　science　is　occupied。　Any　inquiry　which　does
  not　lead　to　corroboration　of　the　opinions　in　vogue　among　the
  unlearned　is　condemned　as　being　spurious　and　dangerously
  wrong…headed；　whereas　an　unbiassed　inquiry　into　these　things；　of
  course；　neither　confirms　nor　disputes　the　scheme　of　things　into
  which　it　inquires。　And　so；　at　the　best；　it　falls　into　the　same
  class　with　the　fabled　Alexandrine　books　that　either　agreed　with
  the　Koran　or　disagreed　with　it；　and　were　therefore　either　idle　or
  sacrilegious。
  Within　this　field；　vulgar　sentiment　will　tolerate　a　sceptical
  or　non…committal　attitude　toward　vulgar　convictions　only　as
  regards　the　decorative　furnishings；　not　as　regards　the　substance
  of　the　views　arrived　at。　Some　slight　play　of　hazardous　phrases
  about　the　fringe　of　the　institutional　fabric　may　be　tolerated　by
  the　popular　taste；　as　an　element　of　spice；　and　as　indicating　a
  generous　and　unbiassed　mind；　but　in　such　cases　the　conclusive
  test　of　scientific　competency　and　leadership；　in　the　popular
  apprehension；　is　a　serene　and　magniloquent　return　to　the　orthodox
  commonplaces；　after　all　such　playful　excursions。　In　fact；
  substantially　nothing　but　homiletics　and　woolgathering　will　pass
  popular　muster　as　science　in　this　connection。
  So　it　comes　about　that　the　men　who　are　by　common　notoriety
  held　to　be　the　leaders　in　this　field　of　learning；　and　who
  therefore　are　likely　to　be　thrown　up　by　official　preferment；　are
  such　as　enlarge　on　the　commonplace　and　aphoristic　wisdom　of　the
  laity。　Not　that　the　official　sanction　falls　unfailingly　on　the
  paragons　of　mediocrity；　there　are　many　and　illustrious
  exceptions；　a　fair　proportion　of　whom　would　be　illustrious　even
  without　the　official　sanction；　and　in　this　connection　it　is　in
  place　to　recall　that　business　principles　have　not　hitherto　held
  undivided　and　sovereign　dominion　in　this　province；　and　that　there
  is　even　reason　to　believe　that　they　are　not　yet　coming　fully　into
  their　own。
  These　putative　leaders　of　science　referred　to　are；　in　the
  common　run　of　cases；　not　men　with　whom　the　science　will　have　to
  count；　but　by　virtue　of　their　eligibility　as　academic　spokesmen
  of　the　science；　they　are　men　with　whom　their　contemporaries　in
  the　science　will　have　to　count。　As　is　shown　by　the　experience　of
  the　past；　they　are　likely　to　be　well　forgotten　by　the　generation
  that　follows　them；　but　they　are；　perforce；　equally　well
  remembered　by　their　contemporaries。　It　is　not　the　long…term
  serviceability　of　these　official　scientists　that　counts　toward
  their　availability　for　academic　leadership；　but　their　popular
  prestige。　They　may　not　be　such　leaders　as　the　science　needs；　but
  they　are　such　exponents　of　opinion　as　are　believed　to　commend
  themselves　to　the　tastes　of　the　well…to…do　laity。　A　citation　of
  instances　would　seem　invidious；　nor；　presumably；　is　it　called
  for。　The　anecdotal　history　of　contemporary　events　is　particularly
  full　at　this　juncture；　while　to　outsiders　who　are　not　in　a
  position　to　appreciate　either　the　urgency　or　the　subtlety　of　the
  motives　of　academic　expediency　in　this　bearing；　a　recital　of
  illustrative　instances　might　seem　either　libellous　or　farcical。
  The　exigencies　of　competitive　academic　enterprise；　especially　in
  its　relation　to　the　maintenance　and　increase　of　endowment；　place
  the　executive　in　a　very　delicate　position　in　this　matter　and
  leave　little　room　for　squeamish　deliberation。
  At　the　risk　of　tedium；　it　is　necessary　to　push　the　analysis
  of　businesslike　motives　and　their　bearing　a　step　farther　at　this
  point。　It　is　not　simply　the　vulgar；　commonplace　convictions　of
  the　populace　that　must　receive　consideration　in　this　field　of　the
  moral　and　social　sciences；　　including　such　matters　as　religion；
  sociology；　economics；　and　political　science；　so…called。　What　is
  especially　to　be　conciliated　by　the　official　scientists　is　the
  current　range　of　convictions　on　all　these　heads　among　those
  well…to…do　classes　from　whom　the　institution　hopes　to　draw
  contributions　to　its　endowment；　on　the　one　hand；　and　the　more
  reputable　part　of　its　undergraduate　client鑜e；　on　the　other　hand。
  Which　comes；　broadly；　to　saying　that　a　jealous　eye　must　be　had　to
  the　views　and　prepossessions　prevalent　among　the　respectable；
  conservative　middle　class；　with　a　particular　regard　to　that　more
  select　body　of　substantial　citizens　who　have　the　disposal　of
  accumulated　wealth。　This　select　and　substantial　element　are　on
  the　whole　more　conservative；　more　old…fashioned　in　their　views　of
  what　is　right；　good　and　true；　and　hold　their　views　on　more
  archaic　grounds　of　conviction；　than　the　generality　of　the　vulgar。
  And　within　this　conservative　body；　again；　it　is　the　elderly
  representatives　of　the　old　order　that　are　chiefly　to　be
  considered；　　since　it　is　the　honourable　custom　among　men　of
  large　means　not　to　give　largely　to　institutions　of　learning　until
  late　in　life。
  It　is　to　be　accounted　one　of　the　meritorious　customs　of　the
  greater　businessmen　that；　one　with　another；　they　eventually
  convert　a　share　of　their　takings　to　the　installation　of　schools
  and　similar　establishments　designed　to　serve　and　to　conserve　the
  amenities　of　civilized　life。　Usually　it　is　in　later　life；　or　as
  an　act　of　leave…taking；　that　this　munificence　is　exercised。
  Usually；　too；　the　great　men　who　put　forth　this　large　munificence
  do　not　hamper　their　bounty　with　many　restrictions　on　the
  character　of　the　enlightenment　which　it　is　to　serve。　Indeed；
  there　is　in　this　respect　a　certain　large　modesty　and　continence
  customarily　associated　with　the　large　donations。　But　like　other
  men　of　force　and　thoughtfulness；　the　large　and　elderly
  businessmen　have　well…assured　convictions　and　preferences；　and　as
  is　the　case　with　other　men　of　the　passing　generation；　so　with　the
  superannuated　businessmen；　their　convictions　and　preferences　fall
  out　on　the　side　of　the　old　order　rather　than　contrariwise。　A　wise
  academic　policy；　conducted　by　an　executive　looking　to　the　fiscal
  interests　of　the　university；　will　aim　not　to　alienate　the
  affections　of　the　large　businessmen　of　a　ripe　age；　by　harbouring
  specialists　whose　inquires　are　likely　to　traverse　these
  old…settled　convictions　in　the　social；　economic；　political；　or
  religious　domain。　It　is　bad　business　policy　to　create　unnecessary
  annoyance。　So　it　comes　about　that　the　habitual　munificence　of　the
  captains　of　industry　who　have　reached　their　term　will　have　grave
  consequences　for　that　range　of　academic　science　that　is　occupied
  with　matters　on　which　they　hold　convictions。（3*）
  There　results　a　genial　endeavour　to　keep　step　with　the
  moribund　captains　of　industry　and　the　relics　of　the　wealthy　dead。
  Remotely　by　force　of　a　worldly…wise　appointing　power；　proximately
  by　force　of　the　good　taste　and　sober　sense　of　well…chosen
  incumbents；　something　of　filial　piety　comes　to　pervade　the
  academic　handling　of　those　institutional　phenomena　that　touch　the
  sentiments　of　the　passing　generation。　Hence　it　comes　that　current
  academic　work　in　the　province　of　the　social；　political；　and
  economic　sciences；　as　well　as　in　the　sciences　that　touch　the
  religious　interest；　has　a　larger　reputation　for　assurance　and
  dignity　than　for　an　incisive　canvassing　of　the　available
  material。
  Critics　of　the　latterday　university　policies　have　from　time
  to　time　called　attention　to　an　apparent　reluctance　on　the　part　of
  these　academic　scientists　to　encounter　present…day　facts
  hand…to…hand；　or　to　trace　out　the　causes　to　which　current
  conditions　are　due。　Distempered　critics　have　even　alleged　that
  the　academic　leaders　in　the　social　sciences　are　held　under　some
  constraint；　as　being；　in　some　sort；　in　the　pay　of　the　well…to…do
  conservative　element；　that　they　are　thereby　incapacitated　from
  following　up　any　inquiry　to　its　logical　conclusion；　in　case　the
  conclusion　might　appear　to　traverse　the　interest　or　the　opinions
  of　those　on　whom　these　leaders　are　in　this　way　pecuniarily
  dependent。
  Now；　it　may　be　conceded　without　violence　to　notorious　facts；
  that　these　official　leaders　of　science　do　commonly　reach
  conclusions　innocuous　to　the　existing　law　and　order；　particularly
  with　respect　to　religion；　ownership；　and　the